Module 3 The Violence of Nature-GrammarPeriod 2 GrammarThe past perfect passive and Indirect speechGoalsTo learn about the past perfect passive and indirect speechProceduresStep 1: Learning about the past perfect passiveActive PassiveThey had given us visas for three months.We had been given visas for three months.Step 2: Making sentences with the past perfect passive1. A rotating column of air from a thunderstorm to the ground had been discovered before the fireman arrived.2. The most violent tornado had been observed then.3. The wallet had been picked up and handed in before the owner found it missing.4. By the time the fire engines arrived the fire had been put down.5. By the time he returned home the house had been destroyed.6. The map had been left inside exactly where it was when we came into the room.7. The east coast of the US had been affected greatly before the rescue arrived.8. The city had been hit three times by the earthquake before the people moved out of it.9. The man had been buried for five days when he was located.10.He had been killed before we found him in the room.Step 3: Learning about indirect speechWhen using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Direct Speech Indirect Speech simple presentHe said, “I go to school every day.” simple pastHe said (that) he went to school every day. simple past He said, “I went to school every day.” past perfectHe said (that) he had gone to school every day. present perfect He said, “I have gone to school every day.” past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day. present progressiveHe said, “I am going to school every day.” past progressiveHe said (that) he was going to school every day. past progressiveHe said, “I was going to school every day.” perfect progressiveHe said (that) he had been going to school every day, future (will)He said, “I will go to school every day.” would + verb nameHe said (that) he would go to school every day. present progressiveHe said (that) he is going to school every day. future (going to)He said, “I am going to school every day.” past progressiveHe said (that) he was going to school every day Direct Speech Indirect Speech auxiliary + verb nameHe said, “Do you go to school every day?”He said, “Where do you go to school?” simple pastHe asked me if I went to school every day.*He asked me where I went to school. imperativeHe said, “Go to school every day.” infinitiveHe said to go to school every day. Direct Speech Indirect Speech simple present + simple presentHe says, “I go to school every day.” simple present + simple presentHe says (that) he goes to school every day. present perfect + simple presentHe has said, “I go to school every day.” present perfect + simple presentHe has said (that) he goes to school every day. past progressive + simple pastHe was saying (that) he went to school every day. past progressive + simple pastHe was saying, “I went to school every day.” past progressive + past perfectHe was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. future + simple presentHe will say, “I go to school every day.” future + simple presentHe will say (that) he goes to school every day. Direct Speech Indirect Speech canHe said, “I can go to school every couldHe said (that) he could go to school every day. day.” mayHe said, “I may go to school every day.” mightHe said (that) he might go to school every day. have toHe said, “I have to go to school every day.” had toHe said (that) he had to go to school every day.shouldHe said, “I should go to school every day.” shouldHe said (that) he should go to school every day. ought toHe said, “I ought to go to school every day.” ought toHe said (that) he ought to go to school every day.Step 4 Absorb information concerning National College Entrance Examination高考链接动词时态题在高考单项填空题中一般占 2 至 4 分。高考时态题常考一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般将来时与过去将来时等。高考时态题大致有以下特点：一、某些题无明确时间状语 考生必须从已知条件中推出其时间状语。这样的考题很多,如：1. -Youve left the light on.-Oh, so I have. _ and turn it off. (2000 全国)A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going此题没有明确的时间状语提示，但从已知条件中我们可以知道去关灯这一动作应是将来的事。选项 D 在形式上有误，因此答案为 A。2. -We could have walked to the station, it was so near.-Yes. A taxi _ at all necessary. (1992 全国)A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wont be从已知条件“We could have walked to the station, it was so near.”可知“我们没有走路而是坐出租车”的动作发生在过去。因此出租车没有必要应是过去（当时）的事，而不可能是过去之前，更不可能是现在或将来的事。答案为 A。二、某些题虽有时间状语，但极具干扰性 考生应排除干扰。如：3. -How are you today?-Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time. (2000 全国)A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt此题虽然有时间状语 now 和 for a very long time， 但学生会误把该题看成是过去和现在的对比而选A。其实该题是最近一段时间的情况与现在的情况作对比：我身体最近很长一段时间都没有现在这样差。答案为 D。4. -Can I help you, sir?-Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _. (1996 全国)A. didnt work B. wont work C. cant work D. doesnt work表面上看起来，此题好像讲的是昨天的事，但信息词 but 表明收音机不 w