概念意义1. 1）Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life: the longing for love,the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These pas- sions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair. 2）The mindset of this generation is all too evident in the way it handles its personal life. There are more relationships be- ing distorted under the pressures of lust than ever before. There is more focus on physical beauty than on inner charm. There is more of closeness and less of intimacy. There is more of passion and less of emotion. There is more of acquiring and less of sha- ring. There is more of opportunism and less of selflessness. In short,there is more of ME and less of US. 节选 1 ）选自罗素散文 What I have Lived for,节选 2 ）选自 新 实 际 大 学 英 语 3 的 一 篇 文 章 。 我 们 发 现 ,在 两 篇 节 选 中 都出现 passion 一词,然而含义却有相当大的差异。 节选 1 ）中 passion 体现褒义,表达“热情” 之意; 节选 2） 中 passion 则 略 带 贬 义 ,表“ 冲 动 ”之 意 。 2.对一个身在海外的士兵来说，“家”（home）一词除了字典上意义外，可以包含所有这些涵义：“seeing my girl friend”, “eating home cooking”, “wearing civilian clothes”, “driving my old car”, “the house at Fifty street”, “my room”, “my special chair”等等。3.例:We attacked restrictive practices wherever they exsisted, we instituted measures for the more rational deployment of labour, and we greatly improved the relationship between management and words. 译文:哪里存在限制性的实践,我们就在哪里加以反 对。我 们实践了许多旨在更加合理地安排劳动的措施,我们大大改进 了管理与工人的关系。 在具体语境下,我们可以分析出“practice ” 作不可数名词是“ 实践” 之意 ,但此处用作可数名词, 其概念意义作“用法、惯例” 解“;labour” 可作“劳动”解,但仔 细查看字典 , 还可作“ 劳工、 劳动力”解 ;“management”一般译作“ 管理”,还有 “管理人员”“、资方” 之意。译文不自然,且前后逻辑不连惯。如此分析，正确的译文就应该是: 哪里存在阻碍生产力发展的作法,我们就在哪里加以反 对。我们实践了许多旨在更加合理地安排劳动力的措施,我们 大大改进了劳资之间的关系。 4.例: It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent,application and industry currently being wasted on certificates,diplomas and de- grees that no one wants to know about.译文:看来时机已成熟,就业部门和教育部门该同各大学 携起手来修正我们的教育制度,使之能把人才资源、申请及工 业更好地运用于经济方面,而这些人才资源、申请及工业都浪 费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。 从字典中不难查出“ecnomic”、 “application”、“industry”的 字面意义及概念意义分别作“经济上的”“、申 请运用 ”、“工业” 解,但这些词还有其它释义：economic“ 节俭，节约”，application“ 专心，用工”，industry“勤劳，勤奋”。根据上下文,作者鲜明地表明了自己的态度,现 在的教育制度把人才资源都浪费在证书和学位上。他提出要修正,当然 是要珍惜节约这些人才了。我们选择释义,因此,当一个词具有 多重概念意义时,就需要译者充分地把握原文及对概念意义的 选择。这三个词的概念意义找准了,正确的译文也出来了。译文 如下: 看来时机已经成熟,使之能十分珍惜地使用学校的人才以 及学生的勤奋刻苦,而现在这些人才和努力都白白浪费在无人 感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。 5.例 :I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred- that is five minutes- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 Ruppes, Ready!译文:我想试试在座诸位到底有多大的克制能力。我数三 百下,大约五分钟,谁都不许动一动肌肉,动者罚五十卢比,预 备、开始! 很显然,原文中的“muscle”用作名词,毫无疑问其基本词 义应当解释成“ 肌肉” 、“体力 ”、“力量”等等,可是我们 如果照搬 这个词的概念意义,就会使译文显得很生硬。现在我们考虑一 下“动一动肌肉 ”的内涵意 义为“动一动”或“动一下”,则此处的 问题就迎刃而解了,我们可改为:我想试试在座诸位到底有多 大的克制能力。我数三百下,大约五分钟,谁都不许动一下,动 者罚五十卢比,预备、开始!搭配意义1.常规搭配。常规搭配指同一个 词既可与男性搭配，又可与女性搭配的语言现象。英语中的某些形容词或名词修饰man/boy 或woman/girl, male/female修饰相同的名词有时会产生不同的效果，用于男性和女性身上引起的联想往往大相径庭，甚至是意义完全相反，用于男性常常带有褒扬、 赞美之意，而用于女性则往往包含贬低、轻蔑的意味。如：A/An+adj./n. +man/boy or woman/girlan aggressive man有魅力的、可尊敬的男人an aggressive woman没有同情心的、 专横跋扈的女人好斗的女人a cold man沉着冷静的男人a cold woman性情冷僻的女人an easy man容易相处的男人an easy woman水性杨花的女人a hard man勤奋努力的男人a hard woman冷面女人a public man担任公职的男人a public woman 娼妓2.bachelors wife理想妻子bachelor mother单身母亲bachelor girl自食其力的女人，经济上独立的未婚女子3.“打”打水fetch water打猎go hunting打牌play cards打毛衣knit a sweater打行李pack ones luggage打票buy a ticket4.1) Thats the hardest time I have experienced. 最艰难的2) He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. 繁忙的5.1) His eloquent speech earns applause of his audiences.他的演讲娓娓动听，赢得了观众的喝彩。2) His presentation is an eloquent proof of the facts.他的陈述有力地证明了事实。主位意义1. The company owned everything in the town: the houses, the store (shop), the schools and churches. 村镇 上的一起 房屋、店 铺、学校和教堂，都是属于公司的。2. Life for the thousands of coal mining families had changed over the past twenty years. 过去20年中，成千上万个煤矿工人家庭的生活都发生了变化。3. At two hundred fifty miles per hour he felt that he was nearing his lever-flight maximum speed. 他以每小时250英里的速度飞行，觉得自己已经接近平飞的最高速度。4. I could not bring myself to read the letter until I was in my own house. 直到我回到自己的家，我才鼓起勇气看这封信。5. Torn between duty and desire, she was rocked this way and that by the conflict of passion and compassion. 节操和情欲的冲突使她烦恼，怜悯和激情的矛盾折磨着她。隐含意义1.饥饿之火在我的腹内燃烧着,我忘记了什么是羞耻,这样 诉苦时,好像一点也不觉得难为情。 (谢冰莹 饥饿) 英语译文 :The uncontrollable desire for food burning within me, I ignored all propriety and poured out my complaints without feeling ashamed. 在原文中,“我忘 记了什么是羞耻 ”实际上是指“我顾不得是否得 体”,这是本句 话的隐含意 义所在,而非按照字面意思“ 我没有了羞耻 感”,英译时可 结合上下文 ,针对内涵,运用变动翻译法适当改变文本 原意 , 把它译为 “I ignored all propriety”。 如直译为 I lost all sense of shame,则 失之过重,有损原意。 2.我想到了:这是个熟鸟,也许是自幼便养在笼中的。 所以它 不十分怕人。 (老舍小麻雀) 英 语 译