I废弃氟化氢钢瓶处置安全技术措施的探讨摘 要随着我国经济建设的不断发展，工业废弃物处置技术应用越来越普遍。废弃氟化氢钢瓶具有较多危险性，若处理不好，容易发生事故，造成人身伤亡和经济损失，给社会造成极其恶劣的影响。因此，对于废弃氟化氢钢瓶危险性分析与安全处置措施的研究具有重要的社会现实意义。本论文首先对氟化氢钢瓶的危险有害因素进行了分析，主要包括介质的危险有害因素分析、氟化氢钢瓶的危险性分析和重大危险源的辨识。其次，根据危险有害因素的分析，建立了氟化氢事故模型。氟化氢事故模型分为中毒模型、物理爆炸模型和泄漏模型。根据这些事故模型，本文进行了实例计算和计算结果的分析。本文还介绍了废弃氟化氢钢瓶危险性分析评价，内容包括预先危险性分析评价、作业条件危险性分析和危险性分析法评价。本文利用这些分析评价方法，分别对废弃氟化氢钢瓶进行了分析评价，得出了相关结论。根据以上对废弃氟化氢钢瓶的分析所得出的结论，并结合江阴市璜土镇处理废弃氟化氢钢瓶的案例，本文提出了废弃氟化氢钢瓶的安全处置措施。本措施主要包括钢瓶的开启方法、钢瓶内氟化氢的处理和废弃钢瓶的后处理，其中重点是钢瓶的开启方法。根据钢瓶腐蚀情况的不同，应用不同的开启方法。若钢瓶腐蚀情况不严重，则可以在清洗塞打孔，然后用输导管将瓶内氟化氢导入碱液池；若钢瓶腐蚀严重或打孔失败，则应使用电动设备开动液相阀门，待瓶内氟化氢流出喷碱液中和；若阀门开启失败，则旋开清洗阀，待氟化氢流出喷碱液中和；若清洗阀不能开启且为易熔栓，则用电烙铁穿孔，待氟化氢流出喷碱液中和；若不是易熔栓，则用电钻在钢瓶底部封头附近打孔，待氟化氢流出喷碱液中和。为防止氟化氢钢瓶在处置过程中意外泄漏，本文同时提出了包括泄漏应急处理、防护、急救措施在内的安全处置措施。为了防止氟化氢钢瓶泄漏事故的发生，本文总结了日常氟化氢钢瓶的处置安全对策措施。这些措施包括安全管理、废弃钢瓶处置过程、氟化氢钢瓶存储、职业健康和事故应急等方面，基本上涵盖了氟化氢钢瓶日常管理的方方面面。本文对近几年发生的氟化氢泄漏与中毒事故案例进行了介绍和分析，总结了经验教训，为相关从业者避免此类事故提出了一些建议。II最后，本文以江阴市璜土镇废弃氟化氢钢瓶处置的案例为背景，提出了废弃氟化氢钢瓶泄漏事故应急预案。其主要内容包括人员的紧急疏散和撤离、危险区的隔离、现场抢险和控制措施、人员救治等。关键词：氟化氢 废弃钢瓶 安全处置措施 应急预案iThe research of the safety technical measures on disposing discarded cylinders of hydrogen fluorideAbstractAccording to the uninterrupted development of the national economy， it is increasingly common for industrial waste disposal technology. There is much danger of discarded cylinders of hydrogen fluoride. If they are not treated well， accidents will happen easily， which can bring death， economic lost， and very bad influence to the society. Therefore it is of big significance to the research of safety technical measures on disposing discarded cylinders of hydrogen fluoride for the society.First, the thesis gives an analysis of the risk and harmful factors of HF cylinders, including the analysis of media, the analysis of cylinders, and the identification of major hazard. Secondly, some kinds of HF accident models have been established based on the analysis above, which contain the poisoning model, the physical explosion model, and the leakage model. According to the models, the thesis gives the calculation and the analysis of some examples. The thesis also introduces the analysis and evaluation of the hazard of discarded HF cylinders, which includes the pre-analysis and evaluation of the hazard, the analysis of the hazard of operating conditions, and the evaluation of the risk analysis method. By using these methods above, the thesis analyzes discarded cylinders of hydrogen fluoride, and gets the relevant conclusions.According to the conclusions above and the example of disposing discarded HF cylinders in Huangtu, Jiangyin, the thesis gives the safety technical measures on disposing discarded cylinders of hydrogen fluoride. It contains the opening methods of the cylinder, the disposal of HF in the cylinder, and post-process of the discarded cylinder. The key point is the opening methods of the cylinder. It should be opened by different ways according to the different corrosion of the cylinder. If the corrosion is not serious, we can perforate a hole on the cleaning plug and let HF flow to the alkalic liquid pool using the translating pipe; if the corrosion is serious or the perforation is failed, we should open the liquid valve using the electrical equipment, and let the neutralization happen; if it is failed, we should open the cleaning valve, and let the neutralization happen; if the cleaning valve cannot be opened and it is fusible, we can iiperforate it using the electric iron, and let the neutralization happen; if it is not fusible, we should perforate a hole near the bottom closure using the electric drill, and let the neutralization happen. In order to prevent the accidental leakage during the disposal process, the thesis gives the safety measures, including emergency leakage disposals, personal protection, and emergency rescue at the same time.To prevent the leakage accident of HF cylinders, the thesis concludes the safety disposal measure of HF cylinders, including the safety management, the disposal process of discarded cylinders, the storage of HF cylinders, occupational health, and accident emergency. It contains every fields of the day-to-day management of HF cylinders. The thesis introduces and analyzes several leaking or poisoning accidents of HF, which happened in recent years. It gives some advice to prevent these kinds of accident.Finally, the thesis gives an emergency plan of the leakage accident of discarded HF cylinders based on the example which happened in Huangtu, Jiangyin. The main contents are the evacuation of people, the isolation of the danger zone, the control measures, and the emergency rescue.Key words: Hydrogen fluoride; Discarded cylinders; Safety disposal measure; Emergency planIII目 录摘 要 .IAbstract .