1、1066-Battle of Hastings 黑斯廷斯战役The Battle of Hastings was to shape the future of Medieval 中世纪英国.However, the battle took place about seven miles from Hastings. Why, then was the Battle of Hastings so-called? In1066, Battle was an important area. Compared to other parts of Sussex, Battle was wealthy. However, the title Battle of Battle would not have worked, and for convenience sake, the nearest large town was selected-Hastings. The battle itself was fought by the current Battle Abbey 修道院 -however, the main thrust 推力 of the battle concerned Harolds 哈罗德 position on Senlac Hill,森拉克山丘 a short distance from the current abbey. In the 11th Century, the coastline of Sussex was different to that of today. The coast was nearer to Battle than it is today and the only major road that linked Hastings to London went through Battle. If Harold held out at Battle, William would have had great difficulties sustaining 支持 his campaign 战役.2、Mag na Carta 大宪章The Mag na Carta was signed in June 1215 between the barons 男爵 and King Johnat Runnymede 兰尼米德 near Windsor Castle. The Mag na Carta was one of the most important documents of Medieval England.The document was a series of written promises between the king and his subjects that he would govern England and deal with its people according to the customs of feudal 封建law.Mag na Carta was an attempt by the barons to stop a king abusing his power with the people of England suffering. England had for some years owned land in France. The barons had provided the king with both money and men to defend this territory 领土. Traditionally, the king had always consulted the barons before raising taxes and demanding more men for military service. This was all part of the Feudal System.While kings were militarily successful abroad, relations between the kings and the barons were good. John was not successful in his military campaigns abroad. His constant demands for more money and men angered the barons. By 1204,John had lost his land in northern France. In response to this, John introduced high taxes without asking the barons. This was against feudal lawand accepted custom. John made mistakes in other areas as well. He angered the Roman Catholic Church 天主教.The pope, angered by Johns behaviour, banned all church services in England in 1207.Even worse for John that the pope excommunicated 把逐出教会 him in 1209.Faced with this, John climbed down and accepted the power of the Catholic Church giving them many privileges in 1214.1214 was a disastrous 灾难性的 year for John for another reason. Once again, he suffered military defeat in an attempt to get back his territory in northern France. He returned to London demanding more money from taxes. This time the barons were not willing to listen. They rebelled against his power. The barons captured London. However, they did not defeat John entirely and by the spring of 1215, both sides were willing to discuss matters. The result was the Mag na Carta.The document can be divided into sections: The first clauses 条款 concern the position of the Catholic Church in England. Those that follow state that John will be less harsh on the barons. Many of the clauses concern Englands legal system. Mag na Carta promised laws that were good and fair. It states that everyone shall have access to courts and that costs and money should not be an issue if someone wanted to take a problem to the law courts. It also states that no freeman will be imprisoned or punished without first going through the proper legal system. In future years the word freeman was replaced by no one to include everybody. The last few sections deal with how the Mag na Carta would be enforced 执行 in England. Twenty five barons were given the responsibility of making sure the king carried out what was stated in the Mag na Carta-the document clearly states that they could use force if they felt it was necessary. To give the Mag na Carta an impact, the royal seal 玉玺 of King John was put on it to show people that it had his royal support. This is the largest red seal at the bottom of the Mag na Carta above.3、John Wyclif church reformer 约翰威克里夫1320-1384 the Morning Star of the Reformation. John Wycliffe was a Saxon撒克逊人,born in Hips well 希普斯威尔,England. He earned degrees at Oxford University and became a doctor of theology 神学 in 1372.After serving as an envoy 使者 to France, representing England in a dispute 争吵 with the Pope, he returned to England and published writings against the secular 世俗的 power of the Papacy 教皇.In spite of attempts by the Church to have Wycliffe arrested and assassinated 暗杀,he continued to write and to preach 说教.He maintained that no Pope nor council 理事会 was infallible 绝对无错误的,and if their views contradicted 反驳 the Bible, those views were wrong. He taught that the clergy神职人员 should not rule as princes of the church, but should help the people and lead them to Christ. Finally prohibited 禁止 by the Bishop 主教 of London from preaching, Wycliffe confined himself to writing and translating th