英语国家社会与文化要点1 .J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur is the first important American author to ask the question, What is an American? ”He is a new man, leaving behind all his ancient prejudices and receives new manners from the new mode of life.2 the concept of melting pot . It refers to a society with people of different cultures, races, and religions combined together to form a multi-ethnic society(多民族社会) and each group of people retain (保持)their own integrity(完整性) and flavor. 3.a new land the first from Aisa They are earliest settlers of America(美洲最早的定居者) and ancestors of Native Americans.(印第安人的祖先)the second form Europe and Afirica3.Changes in the 16th and 17th Century(1)the Development of bourgeois and capitalism(2)the Renaissance(3the Religious Reformation4.Martin Luthers BeliefMan is born sinful. (Original Sin原罪)Man have direct relation with God, not through Church or Pope.The only guide to God is Bible.Man can be saved by reading Bible.5.CalvinismJohn Calvin: French Protestant Reformer Calvinism: 加尔文主义 Total Depravity 完全堕落Limited Atonement 有限拯救Unconditional Election 无条件选择Hard work and get wealth 5.Henry VIII and Church of England6.The Settlement in Virginiathey named after their king and begain to build a Jamestown. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia.(John rolfe was the first man to plant tobacco)7. Two Great Events in VirginiaIn 1619, the settlers elected their delegates （代表）and set up the House of Burgesses (市民议会).In1619，a Dutch ship sent twenty black people to Virginia as servants. Starting points of American Democracy and Slavery System8.Puritan New EnglandNew England: the six states in Northeastern America. Massachusetts马萨诸塞州, Connecticut,康涅狄格州，New Hampshire 新罕布什尔州, Vermont佛蒙特州, Maine 缅因, and Rhode Island 罗德岛州King henry VIII cut off the political relationship with Pope in Rome and set up the Church of England ,but there was reform in religious beliefs and pratices9.Puritan Doctrines.(1): God is incomprehensible to Man. (上帝不可知论)(2)：Human is predestined by God. (人命天定论)(3)：Success of calling is sign of Gods elect. (事业成功说)(4): Individual can contact God directly by Bible. (天人相通说)10.Pilgrim Fathers (清教先驱) Puritans in England Puritans in England were persecuted for their beliefs, and some fled to Holland. In Holland, they moved to North America to seek religious freedom on the Mayflower in 1620. Before landing on New England, they signed the Mayflower Compact (五月花公约)for the future civil government. Puritans in New England were called the Pilgrim Fathers.11.Puritan LegacyThe influence of Puritanism on American culturePuritans have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as sense of mission to build “City Upon Hill”, individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.12.Catholic MarylandThe founder was the second Lord Baltimore, who carried out his fathers will to set up a colony in North America (in todays Maryland) in 1632 and became the owner of the colony. He wished to introduce a feudal system similar to the manor system in Europe to his colony. because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce. It was impossible to have the feudal plan executed.13.Quaker Pennsylvania(1)Quakers were a group of Protestants. They believed that people could communicate with God because Gods divine light was in everyones heart. (2)They believed in God through faith without the help of church or priest. (3)Those religious beliefs taught them that people were born equal, and not sinful.(4) They worked hard and lived a simple life in order to please God. 14.The American Revolution(注意事件的先后顺序）(1) In 1773, the “Boston Tea Party ” tossed British merchants tea into Boston harbor(2)The Americans disobeyed the Intolerable Act passed by British Parliament and boycotted British trade.(3)On April 19, 1775, the first shot was fired. The American war of Independence began. And it ended in 1781.15 founding fathers (1). George Washington(2).Thomas Jefferson (3)Benjamin Franklin (4)John Adams16.The Articles of Confederation (这是 1777年 11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件,规定联合新独立的 13个州的松散的邦联政府的职能.1787 年美国制订联邦宪法，邦联随之终止).17.Constitution The Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. 18.The 3 branches of the U.S federal governmentThree Fears （1）New government may create tyranny.1.Checks and balances: set up three branches of government: executive, judicial and legislative.(三权分立制)（2）New government may take away powers of the states. Federal System: （联邦体制） powers are shared between federal and state governmen