1. Wagonways were developed in Germany in the 1550s and the use of these tracks, consisting of wooden (usually edged) rails for horse-drawn wagons, spread across Europe.16 世纪 50 年代马车铁路在德国发展而成，马拉四轮马车所用的木制轨道(通常是有边的)在欧洲得到了广泛采用。2. These had flanged wheels as on modern railways, but another system was introduced, in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates - these became known as plate ways.这些带有凸缘的轮子与现代铁路类似，但同时产生了另外一种系统，即无凸缘的轮子运行在 L 形的金属板上，该系统就演变成为板式铁轨。3. At the outset this road was regarded as only a special sort of toll-road upon which any carrier might transport goods or passengers in his own vehicles, but experience showed that it was necessary for the railway company to transport the goods as well.一开始，这条路仅被认为是一种专门的收费道路，任何人在该条路均可以用自己的车辆运送换物或旅客。但经验表明，铁路公司也有必用在铁路线上运输货物。4. Placing a horse car on rails had enabled a horse to move as twice as many people, and so street railways were born.让马车在轨道上行驶，使得一匹马行走的距离是多数人的两倍，因此有轨电车就产生了。5. Diesel locomotives are electric locomotives with an on-board generator powered by a Diesel engine.通过内燃机驱动的带有发电机的内燃机车是电力机车。1. The term “maglev” refers not only to vehicle but to the vehicle/guideway interaction; each being a unique design element specifically tailored to the other to create and precisely control magnetic levitation.“磁悬浮”这一术语不单指车体，还指车体与导轨之间的相互作用，车体和导轨都必须精心设计以致能互相作用来产生磁悬浮，并且准确控制。2. Inductrack was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power. With only slight design changes, the bearings were unrolled into a linear track.磁性轨道最初开发成一磁性电动机和轴承来为飞轮储存能量。轴承只具有细微的设计变化，就可被展开成为直线型的轨道。3. In one design, the train can be levitated by the repulsive force of like poles or the attractive force of opposite poles of magnets. The train can be propelled by a linear motor on the track or on the train, or both.在一种设计中，列车可以通过磁体的同极排斥或异极吸引力而被悬浮。且可通过在轨道，或列车，或在两者的直线电动机来推动。4. Some conventional maglev systems are stabilized with electromagnets that have electronic stabilization. This works by constantly measuring the bearing distance and adjusting the electromagnet current accordingly.一些常规的磁悬浮系统通过具有电子稳定性的电磁体来进行稳定，可以通过不断测量轴承间距，并进行相应地调整电磁体的电流来达到此项目目的。1. The term Multiple Unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unit capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one cab.动车组这一术语用于描述自力推进的列车组，该列车组可以与其它一样或类似的列车组联结起来，并且受同一司机室控制。2. Multiple unit trainset has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components concentrating in one carbody, they are spread out on each car that makes up the set.动车组固定编组列车虽然具有与机车一样的动力和牵引力，但不是将构件集中在单节车体上，而是分散在组成列车组的每一节车厢上。3. They are more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the trains weight (sometimes all of it)is carried on power-driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered hauled coaches.动车组更敏捷，特别是在斜坡上，因为大部分列车的重量被传送至电力驱动的车轮上而无需承受无动力拖动车厢的固定负载。4. Several multiple units may run as a single train, then be broken at a junction point into smaller trains for different destinations.几个动车组可作为单辆列车运行，即在枢纽站可分成数截，分别开向不同的目的地。5. Large locomotives can be substituted for small locomotives where the gradients of the route become steeper and more power is needed.在坡度越来越陡的路线上，以及需要更多动力时，大型机车可以被小型机车取代。1. Built on the “roof of the world” and zigzagging across 5000-meter-high ranges and a 550-kilometer-long frozen belt, the Qinghai-Tibet railway is the first railway in Tibet, aiming at building a closer tie between the plateaus with other parts of China.青藏铁路修建在“世界屋脊” 之上，蜿蜒穿过 5000 米高的山脉和 550 千米长的冻土带。青藏铁路是西藏自治区的第一条铁路，目的在于把青藏高原与中国其他地方紧密地联系在一起。2. The trains running on the “roof of the world” will be driven by engines made by US-based General Electric. 运行在“世界屋脊”上的列车采用的是美国通用电气公司制造的机车。3. China has solved three major difficulties, namely frozen tundra, high altitude and plateau environmental protection, to rewrite the worlds history of railway construction with the completion of Qinghai-Tibet Railway.中国已经解决了三个主要的难题，即冻土、高海拔和高原环境保护，并随着青藏铁路的完工，改写了铁路建设的世界历史。4. Based on preparatory work carried out over the past decades, Chinese engineers have used stone slabs to build embankments that cool without breaking up, and trust steel tubes into ground along some part of the route, to transmit heat from beneath the icy surface.基于过去几十年所开展的准备工作，中国工程是采用石头混凝土来修建路堤，这种路堤变硬后，无须破坏就可以把钢管推进青藏铁路沿线某些地方的地下，将热量从冰冻层下向上传送。5. Two comprehensive seismic monitoring stations and a global positioning system observation center have been constructed along the Golmud-Lhasa section to form a seismic alarm network with the existing monitoring station at Nagqu Township.沿格尔木至拉萨段，已修建两个全面的地震监测站，一个全球卫星定位系统观察中心和修建在那曲城的现有的监测站，形成了一个地震预警网络。6. The railway, the first to connect Tibet Autonomous Region with the rest of China, is an “all-weather powerful” route to facilitate economic and social development of northwestern regions.这条最先连接西藏自治区和中国其他地区的铁路，是一条推动西北地区的经济和社会发展全天候的大运量路线。1. Historically, when a station has been built outside the town or city it intended to serve, that town has