1公四、公六，专四通用必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。 (宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在 make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的 that 从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用 will include 或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示 1919 年时已发生的情况)(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、 in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在 it is +具体时间 since/before 这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在 It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that 的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在 no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、非谓语动词英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的 v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。三大非谓语动词： 动名词， 分词和不定式。一） 不定式1.不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词 for 引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时 , 不定式的逻辑主语则由 of 引导：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。 如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a device.逻辑主语(1) :用 of +n./ pron 来表示逻辑主语 :当“be + adj. + 逻辑主语 + to do”结构中的 adj. 是 absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, silly, thoughtful, considerate, wise, wrong, typical, naughty, selfish, 2generous 等表示人的品行的词Examples 1. It is thoughtful of you to come to see me. 2. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation. 3. It is selfish of Tom not to lend his book to Mary. 4. It is generous of you to help me with my work.逻辑主语(2) : 用 for + n./ pron 表示逻辑主语: 1. It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 2. I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.3. He gave me the phone number in order for me to contact him when we are in need of help.（他给了我他的电话号码，以便我们需要帮助时与他联系.）(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。 如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.3.不定式做定语 通常为后置修饰语:（post-modifier ）He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about.(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或 next, last, only, not a, the, very 等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “对的好奇心”be curious to do“对好奇”ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot 习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。不定式作状语:目的状语He hurried through his work so as to（in order to）catch the train.They will go to the station to meet the guests.To survive the severe competition in the future society, one must have all-round abilities.不定式作状语:原因状语We are overjoyed to see you. I am happy to be here. I feel honored to give a speech here.(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语， so as t