硬度表示材料抵抗硬物体压入其表面的能力。它是金属材料的重要性能指标之一。一般硬度越高，耐磨性越好。常用的硬度指标有布氏硬度、洛氏硬度和维氏硬度。 1.布氏硬度(HB)以一定的载荷(一般 3000kg)把一定大小(直径一般为 10mm)的淬硬钢球压入材料表面，保持一段时间，去载后，负荷与其压痕面积之比值，即为布氏硬度值(HB)，单位为公斤力/mm 2 (N/mm2)。 2.洛氏硬度(HR)当 HB450 或者试样过小时，不能采用布氏硬度试验而改用洛氏硬度计量。它是用一个顶角 120的金刚石圆锥体或直径为 1.59、3.18mm 的钢球，在一定载荷下压入被测材料表面，由压痕的深度求出材料的硬度。根据试验材料硬度的不同，分三种不同的标度来表示： HRA：是采用 60kg 载荷和钻石锥压入器求得的硬度，用于硬度极高的材料( 如硬质合金等)。 HRB：是采用 100kg 载荷和直径 1.58mm 淬硬的钢球，求得的硬度，用于硬度较低的材料(如退火钢、铸铁等)。 HRC：是采用 150kg 载荷和钻石锥压入器求得的硬度，用于硬度很高的材料(如淬火钢等) 。3 维氏硬度(HV)以 120kg 以内的载荷和顶角为 136的金刚石方形锥压入器压入材料表面，用材料压痕凹坑的表面积除以载荷值，即为维氏硬度 HV 值(kgf/mm 2)。邵氏硬度（HA） 邵氏硬度专用在橡胶方面的硬度测试做橡胶的应该知道怎么测邵氏硬度（HA） 用于橡胶、塑料等材料的硬度测定，将一定形状的钢制压针，在试验力作用下压入试样表面，当压足平面与试样表面紧密贴合时，测量压针相对压足平面的伸出长度。通过公式计算出邵氏硬度值。具有结构简单、使用方便、型小体轻、读数直观等特点。A 型参数：刻度盘值：0-100HA；压针行程范围：02.5mm；压针端部压力：0.055N-8.05N；压针顶 端直径：0.79mm+-0.03mm。黑色金属硬度及强度换算表硬度 抗拉强度（公斤/毫米 2）洛氏 表面洛氏 维氏 布氏HRC HRAHR15NHR30NHR45N HV HB30D2碳钢铬钢铬钒钢铬镍钢铬钼钢铬镍钼钢铬锰硅钢超高强度钢不锈钢不分钢种(70.0)86.6 1037 (69.5)86.3 1017 (69.0)86.1 997 (68.5)85.8 978 (68.0)85.5 959 (67.5)85.2 941 67.0 85.0 923 66.5 84.7 906 66.0 84.4 889 65.5 84.1 872 65.0 83.9 92.2 81.3 71.7 856 64.5 83.6 92.1 81.0 71.2 840 64.0 83.3 91.9 80.6 70.6 825 63.5 83.1 91.8 80.2 70.1 810 63.0 82.8 91.7 79.8 69.5 795 62.5 82.5 91.5 79.4 69.0 780 62.0 82.2 91.4 79.0 68.4 766 61.5 82.0 91.2 78.6 67.9 752 61.0 81.7 91.0 78.1 67.3 739 60.5 81.4 90.8 77.7 66.8 726 本栏适用二换算精度要求不高的一般钢种 60.0 81.2 90.6 77.3 66.2 713 269.1 260.759.5 80.9 90.4 76.9 65.6 700 262.3 255.159.0 80.6 90.2 76.5 65.1 688 255.8 249.658.5 80.3 90.0 76.1 64.5 676 249.6 244.358.0 80.1 89.8 75.6 63.9 664 243.7 239.157.5 79.8 89.6 75.2 63.4 653 238. 234.157.0 79.5 89.4 74.8 62.8 642 232.6 229.356.5 79.3 89.1 74.4 62.2 631 227.4 224.656.0 79.0 88.9 73.9 61.7 620 222.4 220.155.5 78.7 88.6 73.5 61.1 609 217.7 215.755.0 78.5 88.4 73.1 60.5 599 206.6209.8 208.6213.1 211.554.5 78.2 88.1 72.6 59.9 589 203.3206.1 204.8208.7 207.454.0 77.9 87.9 72.2 59.4 579 200.0202.5 201.0204.5 203.453.5 77.7 87.6 71.8 58.8 570 196.8199.0 197.4200.5 199.553.0 77.4 87.4 71.3 58.2 561 193.7195.5192.5198.5193.8196.7 195.752.5 77.1 87.1 70.9 57.6 551 190.6192.0189.3195.1190.3193.0 192.152.0 76.9 86.8 70.4 57.1 543 188.1187.5188.7186.1191.8187.0189.4 188.551.5 76.6 86.6 70.0 56.5 534 184.1184.5185.4183.0188.6183.6186.0 185.151.0 76.3 86.3 69.5 55.9 525(501) 180.3181.6182.1179.9185.4180.4182.7 181.750.5 76.1 86.0 69.1 55.3 517(494) 176.7178.7179.0176.9182.3177.3179.5 178.5硬度 抗拉强度（公斤 /毫米 2）洛氏 表面洛氏 维氏 布氏HRCHRAHR15NHR30NHR45N HV HB30D2碳钢 铬钢 铬钒 钢 铬镍 钢 铬钼 钢 铬镍钼钢 铬锰硅钢超高强度钢不锈钢不分钢种50.0 75.8 85.7 68.6 54.7 509(488) 174.4173.1175.8175.8173.9179.3174.2176.5175.9175.349.5 75.5 85.5 68.2 54.2 501(481) 171.4169.8173.0172.8171.0176.2171.2173.5172.3172.249.0 75.3 85.2 67.7 53.6 493(474) 168.6166.6170.2169.8168.2173.3168.3170.7168.8169.248.5 75.0 84.9 67.3 53.0 485(468) 165.8163.5167.5166.9165.4170.4165.4167.9165.5166.348.0 74.7 84.6 66.8 52.4 478(461) 163.1160.5164.9164.0162.6167.6162.7165.2162.3163.547.5 74.5 84.3 66.4 51.8 470(455) 160.6157.6162.3161.2159.9164.8160.0162.5159.2160.847.0 74.2 84.0 65.9 51.2 463449 158.1154.9159.7158.4157.3162.0157.3160.0156.3158.146.5 73.9 83.7 65.5 50.7 456442 155.6152.2157.2155.7154.7159.3154.7157.5153.5155.546.0 73.7 83.5 65.0 50.1 449436 153.3149.7154.7153.1152.2156.7152.2155.0150.8152.945.5 73.4 83.2 64.6 49.5 443430 151.0147.2152.2150.5149.7154.1149.8152.6148.2150.445.0 73.2 82.9 64.1 48.9 436424 148.8144.8149.8148.0147.2151.6147.4150.2145.7148.044.5 72.9 82.6 63.6 48.3 429418 146.6142.6147.5145.5144.8149.1145.0147.8143.3145.744.0 72.6 82.3 63.2 47.7 423413 144.5140.3145.2143.1142.5146.7142.7145.5141.0143.443.5 72.4 82.0 62.7 47.1 417407 142.5138.2142.9140.8140.2144.3140.5143.2138.7141.143.0 72.1 81.7 62.3 46.5 411401 140.5136.1140.7138.5137.9142.0138.4140.9136.6138.942.5 71.8 81.4 61.8 45.9 405396 138.6134.1138.5136.2135.7139.7136.2138.5134.5136.842.0 71.6 81.1 61.3 45.4 399391 136.7132.2136.4134.0133.6137.5134.2136.2132.5134.741.5 71.3 80.8 60.9 44.8 393385 134.8130.3134.3131.9131.5135.3132.2133.9130.5132.741.0 71.1 80.5 60.4 44.2 388380 133.1128.4132.2129.8129.4133.1130.2131.5128.6130.740.5 70.8 80.2 60.0 43.6 382375 131.3126.7130.2127.7127.4131.0128.3129.1126.8128.7硬度 抗拉强度（公斤 /毫米 2）洛氏 表面洛氏 维氏 布氏HRCHRAHR15NHR30NHR45N HV HB30D2碳钢 铬钢 铬钒 钢 铬镍 钢 铬钼 钢 铬镍钼钢 铬锰硅钢超高强度钢不锈钢不分钢种40.0 70.5 79.9 59.5 43.0 377370 129.6124.9128.2125.712