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分词是高中语法的重点,也是难点。纵观历年高考题,我们不难发现分词的用法常常是高 考考查的知识点。以下对分词的用法进行总结,帮助同学们加深对分词的理解,把握高考 常见题型。一、分词的性质分词是一种非限定动词,有时式和语态变化,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作谓语, 其具有形容词和副词的性质。二、分词的类型分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成(doing),过去分 词由“动词原形+ed”(done)构成。-注:done表示被动、完成的含义,所以只有一种形式。三、分词的用法由分词形容词和副词的性质可知,分词在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。分词作表语时有些形容词化,doing常用来 修饰物,含有“令人”的意思;done来修饰人,表示人的某种感情或情绪,含“感 到”的含义。例如:I saw a very moving film last night.(令人感动的)I was deeply moved when I saw the film.(感动的)习题演练What seemed most _ to me was that no one thought of his own safety.A、surprise B、surprisingC、surprised D、to surprise解析:B。空白处为主语从句中的表语,seem为系动词,surprising作表语表示“令 人吃惊的”。 作定语分词作定语有两种形式。位于被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语;位于被修饰的名词 之后,称为后置定语。单个的分词作定语时一般前置;分词短语作定语需后置。例如:polluted air and water(前置定语)The man standing at the window is our English teacher.(后置定语)现在分词与过去分词作定语时的区别:(1)现在分词的完成式不作定语。(2)作定语的及物动词形式为,现在分词:doing,being done;过去分词:done当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系 且正在进行时,用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且完成时,用done。例如:The man walking in the street is Tom.(主动,进行)The houses being built are for teachers. (被动,进行)The bridge built last month needs repairing.(被动,完成)(3)作定语的不及物动词形式为,现在分词:doing,being done表进行,不表被动; 过去分词:done表完成不表被动。例如:boiling water=water which is boiling(正在沸腾的水)boiled water=water which has boiled(已烧开了的水,可能已凉了)高考回放Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decision _?(2009,全国)A、taking B、takeC、taken D、to take解析:C。空白处为后置定语,与decision是被动关系。 作宾补现在分词doing表示动作正在进行,宾语与现在分词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系; 过去分词done表示被动或者动作已完成,宾语与过去分词之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系。这里感官动词用法和使役动词用法需要同学们掌握:感官动词-感官动词、使役动词记忆诀窍:吾看三室两厅一感觉5看(look at/see/watch/notice/observe);3使(make/let/have);2听(listen to/hear);1感觉 (feel)例如:I saw the girl cross the street.(主动,强调全过程)I saw the girl crossing the street. (主动,强调瞬间)I saw the girl knocked down by a car.(被动)例如:I have Tom help me.(主动)I have my hair cut.(被动)高考回放In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.(2006,上海)A、chased B、to be chasedC、be chased D、having been chased解析:A。考查感官动词用法,由上可知感官动词句型,chase与宾语之间是被动关系。常见考点小结 以上我们了解了分词的用法,其中分词作定语、宾补、状语为高考常见考点。希望同 学们理解并掌握其用法。作状语分词在句中作状语,可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、 结果、方式、条件等。分词各种形式的含义:注意:1)分词作状语时其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。2)解题指导:分词作状语时其形式的选择要看两个关系:与主句主语的主被动关系。与主句谓语的时间关系。分词现在分词一般式现在分词完成式过去分词形式doingbeing donehaving done having been donedone意义与句中主语构成逻辑上的主动关系,与谓语动作同时发生与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系,与谓语动作同时发生与句中主语构成逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动作与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系,先于谓语动作与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系,已完成例如:1.Walking in the street, I met Tom.(与主句主语为主动关系,与主句谓语同时发 生)2.Being built, the building fell down.(与主句主语为被动关系,与主句谓语同时 发生)3.Having finished our task, we went home.(与主句主语为主动关系,先于主句谓 语动作)=After finishing our task, we went home.4.Having been told many times, Mary couldnt still remember it.(与主句主语 为被动关系,先于主句谓语动作)5.Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.(与主句主语为被动关系, 完成)高考回放_ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.(2009,天津) A、Being encouragedB、EncouragingC、EncouragedD、Having Encouraged解析:C。encourage与many farmers为被动关系,排除B、D;且动作已完成,所以 为C。四、分词的独立主格结构分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己 的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首,表 示时间、条件、原因时,其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句;表示伴随方 式时,相当于一个并列句。理解下面句子的用法:Problem settled, we went home.(独立主格,settle与problem为被动关系,且已 完成)=After the problem settled, we went home.(时间状语从句)=Having settled the problem, we went home.(分词作状语)高考回放Five people won the “chinas Green Figure”award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.(2006,山东)A、being given B、is givenC、given D、was given解析:C。首先排除B、D,因为两个句子之间缺少连词,逗号不能把两个句子连起来; 应为独立主格形式,title与give之间为被动关系且已完成。2010高考真题演练 1.It rained heavily in the south,_ serious flooding in several provinces.(2010,天津)A、causedB、having causedC、causingD、to cause2.Mrs. White showed her student some old maps_ from the library.(2010,全国)A、to borrowB、to be borrowedC、borrowedD、borrowing3._ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.(2010,北京)A、Looking B、LookC、To look D、Looked4.He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world.(2010,安徽)A、travel B、to travelC、traveled D、traveling5.Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles. (2010,辽宁)A、to recognize B、recognizingC、recognize D、recognized 参考答案C、C、A、D、D
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