1 论文化语境动态顺应论框架下_围城 _隐喻的英译 _ Miss Su isnt a very young woman who got Ph.D degree and returned from France. So, she is a little different from other woman and has peculiar characteristics. Lets look at the following example: 15. 那女人平日就有一种孤芳白赏、落落难合的神情大宴会上没人敷衍的来宾或喜宴上过时未嫁的少女所常有的神情。Ordinarily the woman had a rather conceited, aloof expression, much like that of a neglected guest at a large party or an unmarried maiden at a wedding feast. The woman in this example is Miss Su Wenwan who just returned from France after she had got her PhD degree. When she was young, her only wish was to study abroad, so he had refused many pursuers. However, after she has finished her school and become a PhD degree holder, she begins to feel lonely for being single all these years, while at the same time, she hardly finds someone; who she thinks is worthy her precious love. Qian describes this feeling as “conceited, aloof, which is rather abstract. In order to make it more clearly, he uses the metaphor, comparing it to the feeling of “a neglected guest at a large party or an unmarried maiden at a wedding feast“, which is specific and can make readers imagine a picture. The guest who is neglected at a large party may feel uneasy and depressed. The maiden at a wedding party, especially who is getting older and older and still sees no signs of getting married, may feel greatly sorry for herself seeing the sweet newly-wedded couple. This kind of feeling could not be more suitable to what Miss Su feels right then. 5.2 Translation approaches in Fortress Besieged C.S Krasewski initially identified the two basic principles: 1) The existence of an eventual audience (receptor) is the sole justification for the translation of a literary work of art. 2) The needs and expectations of the type of audience that one envisions as using the translation is the determining factor in deciding which of the following strategies should be chosen by the translator for his particular task. Since translation is a very complex cultural activity in cross-cultural communication, we shouldnt only adopt one fixed strategy in translating work. Therefore, the translators should rack their brains to properly address the translation of metaphors and exert their painstaking efforts to convey the original cultural information from the source language to the target language as truly as possible. Meanwhile, the translator should have many strategies at their disposal in translating works especially like “the world of metaphor“ of Fortress Besieged which are culturally loaded. In the light of adaptation theory，a translator has be bilingually competent and is always ready to go out of the way to make the images and meaning in the SL intelligible to the target readers while trying as much as possible to retain the style, the flavor of the original. In terms of the translation approaches of metaphor in Fortress Besieged, we perceive that there are 4 types as follows: 5.2.1 Literal translation Generally speaking, literal translation often has been combined with free translation. It can be found that in order for the English-speaking readers (target readers) to better appreciate the profundity and scope of the Chinese culture, the literal translation is adopted to keep almost all the features of the original novel.Professor Liu Zhongde (1994:172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation literal translation takes sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration: A translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures as possible.“ Literal translation is also thought by some scholars to be the most essential and the most commonly used method. As long as the original priority to literal translation, for it is able to maintain the basic structure of the original sentence and also to reproduce its artistic conception, image and intended meaning( 赵伟军， 2000: 132). Its worth mentioning that the literal method in the translating metaphor employed here by the translators serves as a good 2 example: 16. “咱们从此井水不犯河水。”“From now on well keep the river water separate from the well water.“ 17. “我又不是你肚子里的蛔虫，”“Im not a tapeworm in your stomach. 18 “麻雀虽小，五脏俱全”“ The sparrow may be small, but its five organs are complete. ”19. “我们是老古董了，这次总算学个新鲜” “ We are already antiques. At least weve learned something new this time“ In 16-19 ， metaphors: “井水不犯河水” ，“你肚子里的蛔虫” ， “麻雀虽小， 五脏俱全” and “老古董” are idioms in Chinese, although the English readers may have never heard of it, they can guess out its implied meaning easily. In order to adapt to the cultural context, they are literally translated. Besides, it also gives an exotic color. 5.2.2 Liberal translation Professor Liu Chongde (1994: 173) defines free translation as follows: Free translation is supplementary to liter