英美文化概论Comprehensive Test III.1.What are the difference between subcultures and counterculture?subculture: share many elements of mainstream, maintain own distinctive customs, values and lifestylescounterculture: reject the conventional wisdom and provide alternatives to mainstream2.What are the major events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War?John Brown, tried to began a slave rebellion in Virginia/ election of Abraham Lincoln3.How are college students selected in the United States?a) high school recordsb) recommendation from high school teachersc) the impression during the interviewd) score on the SAT4.What king of changes has the American workforce undergone in the past few decades?a) the structure: (labor market) from manufacturing-based to service-oriented (the employment distribution) from blue-collar to white-collar b) sharp increase of women in number5.What does “the feminization of poverty” mean? And how has it affected the American family? single mothers account for about half of households with children living below the poverty line6.What are fundamental principles established by constitution?a) popular sovereignty: control by the peopleb) a republic government in which the people choose representatives to make decisions for themc) limited government with written lawsd) separation of powerse) a federal system英美文化概论III.1.What are the main characteristics of religious in America?a) diversity b) freedom: government not interfere c) competition: adept at organizing and marketing d) commitment: high proportion believing in God2.How did Horace Manns ideas on mass education influence the education system in the United States?education should not be reserved for the high class, but should be extended to all people“common school”: public education open to all, supported by all and controlled by all4.What kind of changes has the American family experienced since the 1950s?decrease of classic American family(traditional nuclear) rise of dual-employed, blended, child-free, single-parent, gay and lesbian, cohabitation and independent living5.What was the constitutional convention in 1787 hold for?discuss the changes which would be necessary to strengthen the Articles of Confederation英美文化概论Comprehensive Test IIII.1.What are the main natural resources in the United States?water, forests, mineral and agricultural resources2.What were John Deweys major contribution to American education?a) what to teach: “the only worthwhile knowledge is knowledge that can be used” school should not teach useless facts but teach attitudes and skill so as to produce useful, responsible and happy adultsb) how to teach: “learning best by doing”school should help develop special abilities and subjects should be adjusted to the childs innate capacities3.What are the main problems in the American media?a) tendency toward conglomeration: economic forces reduce the number of media operationsb) influence of advertising: likely to ignore or minimize a news item that may harm its advertiserc) an uniformed public: the general public isnt well-informed about politics and public affairsmedia: entertainment-oriented4.What kind of difficulties have the Asian American experienced in American society?a)early immigrants: viewed as competitors for scarce jobs/ Chinese Exclusion Act(1882)b) discrimination against Asians5.What do you know about Electoral College?not excitable massessupposedly dispassionate, reasonablebody that elects the president and vice-president with total number of members, 538 each state represented by the same number of members as in its congressional delegation6.What does ”detente” mean? How did the US government apply this policy during the Cold War?meaning: a relaxing of strained relationships between nationsofficially recognized the Peoples Republic of China Nixon visit China and signed the “Shanghai Communique”英美文化概论Jimmy Carter: abandon a 30-year-old position that the government of Taiwan was the official government of ChinaIII.1.What do you know about the two Protestant denominations founded in the United States the Mormons and the Christian Scientists?Mormons: at first practiced polygamy and throve in Utahdiscontinued the practice until 1896one of the fastest growing denominationChristian Scientists: man is wholly spiritual so that healing of sickness results from spiritual understanding rather than from medical treatmentChristian Science Monitor is considered one of the nations finest newspapers3.How did the United States transform from an agricultural country to a post-industrial one?from agricultural to industrial: a) abundant natural resources b) large labor supply brought by waves of immigrantsc) the assembly lined) development of transportatione) sufficient capitalf) favorable political and social climate from industrial to post-industrial:manufacture of information and knowledge has dominated American Economy4.How has the two-party system evolved in the United State