第 页 （共7 页）1Individual Coaching Program of E.P. Education Teacher： Mr. Zhao Student： Time： Content: What are Verbs? Modal helping verbs ; Linking verbs etc . Difficult point: How to write a graceful composition. Teaching procedure: English corner: ESL or EFL? What do ESL and EFL mean? ESL stands for English as a Second Language. EFL stands for English as a Foreign Language. ESL is used when people learn English in an English speaking country. EFL is used when people learn English in a non-English speaking country.Part 1: What are Verbs?The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: “Stop!“ You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word.Verbs are sometimes described as “action words“. This is partly true. Many verbs give the idea of action, of “doing“ something. For example, words like run, fight, do and work all convey action.But some verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of “being“. For example, verbs like be, exist, seem and belong all convey state.A verb always has a subject. (In the sentence “John speaks English“, John is the subject and speaks is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is; they describe:action (Ram plays football.)state (Jack seems kind.)There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions etc) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verb to work has five forms:to work, work, works, worked, working第 页 （共7 页）2Of course, this is still very few forms compared to some languages which may have thirty or more forms for a single verb.In this lesson we look at the ways in which we classify verbs, followed by a quiz to test your understanding:Part 2 :Verb ClassificationWe divide verbs into two broad classifications: 1. Helping Verbs Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:.I can.People must.The Earth will.Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! Thats because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They “help“ the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs. 2. Main Verbs Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:.I teach.People eat.The Earth rotates.Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you? Probably yes! Not a lot, but something. Thats because these verbs are main verbs and have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Of course, there are thousands of main verbs. In the following table we see example sentences with helping verbs and main verbs. Notice that all of these sentences have a main verb. Only some of them have a helping verb.helping verbmain verbJohnlikescoffee.Youliedto me.Theyarehappy.第 页 （共7 页）3The childrenareplaying.Wemustgonow.Idonotwantany.Helping verbs and main verbs can be further sub-divided, as we shall see on the following pages. HelpingHelping VerbsVerbsHelping verbs are also called “auxiliary verbs“.Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They “help“ the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about 15 helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the following cases:beoto make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)oto make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)haveoto make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)dooto make negatives (I do not like you.)oto ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)oto show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)oto stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does.)Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)We use modal helping verbs to “modify“ the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:can, couldmay, mightwill, would,shall, should第 页 （共7 页）7mustought toHere are examples using modal verbs:I cant speak Chinese.John may arrive late.Would you like a cup of coffee?You should see a doctor.I really must go now