浅谈建筑施工中的地基与基础摘要摘要基础指建筑底部与地基接触的承重构件，它的作用是把建筑上部的荷载传给地基。因此地基必须坚固、稳定而可靠。地基指的是直接承受构造物荷载影响的地层。基础下面承受建筑物全部荷载的土体或岩体称为地基。地基不属于建筑的组成部分，但它对保证建筑物的坚固耐久具有非常重要的作用。是地球的一部分。承受建筑物基础所传递的上部结构荷载的土层（或岩层） 。地基就其受力情况而言，在建筑物基础荷载作用影响范围内的部分，称为持力层；在持力层以下的部分，称为下卧层。地基与基础是一栋建筑物施工最先开始的部分,也可以说是最重要的部分,而往往也是最容易出现问题的地方,如果在施工中没有很好解决这些问题,那么以后的工作将不能顺利的进行。本文就将主要针对地基和基础的类型，各种基础的适用范围，常见的问题、原因和解决方法，一些常见的基础施工中需要注意的问题等方面进行简单的分析。希望在今后的施工中能避免出现类似的问题，保证施工工作能正常的进行，确保工程能顺利的完成。关键词关键词：地基与基础，常见问题分析，基础施工方法等ABSTRACTBasic means the building bottom and foundation contact bearing component and its role is to the upper loads of building foundation. Therefore foundation must be tough, stable and reliable. Foundation refers to take direct influence formation alkali-silica load .Base load of the entire building below bear soil or rock called the foundation. Foundation does not belong to building component, but it to ensure building solid durability plays a very important role. Its a part of earth. Bear building foundation message of the upper structure load layers (or rock). Foundation for its forces based load in building area of effect part, called force-hearing layer; in the following section, called subsoil under lie layer.Foundation and foundation is a building construction of the first part, also can saying is the most important part, and often most prone to problems in the construction of place, if not very good solve these problems, then later work will not be able to smoothly. This article will mainly aimed at the foundation and foundation of the type, scope of foundation, common problems, causes and solutions, some common foundation construction problems needing attention in the aspects of simple analysis. Hope that in the construction can avoid similar issues to ensure construction work can normal, to ensure the project can be done smoothly.Keywords: foundation and foundation, common problem analysis, foundation construction method, etc目录目录1 引言.72 地基种类及处理方法.82.1 天然地基.82.2 人工地基.82.21 人工地基的概念.82.22 人工地基处理方法.8 2.221 密实法.8 2.222 换土法.9 2.223 加固法.92.23 建筑地基的处理.92.24 地基的改善措施.10 2.241 改善剪切特性.10 2.242 改善压缩特性.10 2.243 改善透水特性.10 2.244 改善动力特性.10 2.245改善特殊土的不良地基的特性.103 基础的概念及分类.113.1 基础的概念.113.2 基础的分类.113.21 浅基础类型.11 3.211 刚性基础.11 3.212 扩展基础.11 3.213 单独基础.12 3.214 条形基础.12 3.215 筏板基础和箱形基础.123.22 深基础.124 基础的设计规范.135 常见地基与基础工程.