6 6、Teaching and Learning Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect student to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The ideal student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how a university library works; they expect students particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students should not be too dependent on them. In the United States professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.7、The Difference between Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories dont yet account for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, dont. In fact, computers dont even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a “purpose”. Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers1. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches. However, these physiological and social goals give rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might“want” to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well arise out of the “goal” to learn more about restaurants. 9、The First Bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged version of a childrens toy which had been in use for many years. Sivracs “celerifer” had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle, and pushed hard against the ground with your legs there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celerifer and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets. Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the “celerifer” and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. “Celerifers” were not popular for long, however, as the combination of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so, the wooden celerifer was the origin of the modem bicycle. 10、Working Mothers Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity . Many mothers are not cutcut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home wit