Unit 1General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing（6hrs） Training : 2365548082 15106109206 1.1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately(谨慎的，故意的谨慎的，故意的) chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation)A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline. Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that is used to argue for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. 1.2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. As well as this it is in the standard written form of the language. is complex is formal is impersonal and objective is explicit is accurate is cautious or tentative is responsible references other writers work1.2. 1. Complexity Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language. Written texts are lexically dense compared to spoken language-they have proportionately more lexical words than grammatical words. Writ-ten texts are shorter and have longer, more complex words and phrases. They have more noun-based phrases, more nominalizations, and more lexical variation. Written language is grammatically more complex than spoken language. It has more subordinate clauses, more “that/to” complement clauses, more long sequences of prepositional phrases, more attributive adjectives and more passives than spoken language.1.2.2 Formality Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesnt use contractions, or colloquialisms and slang. In general this means that in an essay you should avoid colloquial words and expressions.1.2.3 Objectivity Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. Nobody really wants to know what you “think” or “believe”. They want to know what you have studied and learned and how this has led you to your various conclusions. The question of what constitutes “language proficiency” and the nature of its cross- lingual dimensions is also at the core of many hotly debated issues in the areas of bilingual education and second language pedagogy and testing. We dont really know what language proficiency is but many people have talked about it for a long time. 1.2.4 Explicitness Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different signaling words. If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another sentence, make it explicit. If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so. If you are giving examples, do it explicitly. If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear.1.2.5 Accuracy Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. English does not. Choose the correct word, for example, “meeting”, “assembly”, “gathering or “conference”. Or distinguish from: “money”, “cash”, “currency”, “capital” or “funds” (Gillett, 2010d).1.2.6 HedgingIt is often believed that academic writing, particularly scientific writing, is factual, simply to convey facts and information. However it is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, often c