高中最全的构词法用法详解构 词 法语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严 密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。英语中的这些联系的规 律总结起来就是构词。英语中构词的方法就是构词法。构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派 生法和缩略法四种。掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。第一节 合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。这种构词方式主要有两种：复 合法、结合法。合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。如 blackboard 和 darkroom 都是形容词和名词形成的结构，writing desk 是动词名词和名词形式 的结构。结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以 上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。如，用辅音字母s来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有： salesman, townspeople 等。合成的方式常见的有如下几种：一、合成名词1、名词代词名词：woman-doctor, women-doctors, workshop, spaceship, he-goat, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, silk worm, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, telephone receiver, television screen, chairman, fireman, motorman, police-officer, postman, pine tree, girl friend, boy friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom, 2、动词名词：blowpipe, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight3、形容词名词：blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, blackbird, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman4、动名词名词：reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning women, flying machine, washing machine, working conditions, boilding point, drinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick, 5、名词动名词：machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, churchgoing, daydreaming6、动词副词：stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown7、副词名词：downfall, rainfall, outhouse8、现在分词名词：running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick, 9、名词介词名词：man-of-war, editor-in-chief, 10、名词连词字母名词：handiwork, nowadays11、介词副词名词：afternoon, inland, overbalance二、合成形容词1、形容词名词ed：five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed, 2、名词名词ed：honey-mouthed, 3、名词代词分词：man-made, heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, handmade, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten4、名词代词形容词：color-blind, ice-cool, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green, snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green5、形容词数词名词：full-time, high-grade, second-hand, 6、形容词数词分词：ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking, 7、副词分词：far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, far-reaching, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide- spread8、副词形容词：ever-green, under-ripe, 9、形容词形容词：dark-blue, red-hot, grey-green10、介词名词：downhill, overnight三、合成副词1、形容词名词：sometimes, meanwhile2、副词名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead3、介词名词：alongside, beforehand4、名词形容词：skyhigh, stonestill,5、副词介词：nearby, upalong, 四、合成动词1、 名词动词：overhear, underline2、 形容词动词：moonwalk3、 副词动词：white-wash, safeguard五、其它合成词1、合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything2、合成介词：outside, inside, throughout第二节 转化法不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。由于词 类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。转化主要 有如下几种类型。一、名词起定语作用（类似名词转化为形容词）：space travel, television network, stone table, paper bag, water pipe, history teacher, college students二、名词转化为动词：boatgo boating, dustto dust the desk, filmto film this story, mailto mail, shipto ship the goods, trainto train 三、形容词转化为动词：slowto slow down a little bit, dryto dry your hands, wrongto wrong sb, freeto free the slaves, narrowto narrow the street, 四、动词转化为名词：to actan act, to dressa good dress, to doubtwithout any doubt, to guide usa local guide, to smella terrible smell, to lovelove of ones country, to tastea good taste, to demanda demand for more equal rights五、形容词转化为名词：chemicaldangerous chemicals, dailyChina Daily, finala maths final, nativea native第三节 派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生 法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的 25。一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1、否定前缀(1) un-a. un +形容词：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue b. un+副词：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily由 un形容词构成的词除了 unknown, unseen, unfit 等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly 的副 词（个别形容词尾需要变动） 。c. un动词：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack (2) im形容词：impossible, impolite(3) in形容词：incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent(4) ir形容词：irregular(5) mis动词：misspell, misunderstand, mistake(6) dis-a. dis名词：dishonour, disease, discomfortb. dis形容词：dishonest, discouragedc. dis动词：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1) a，大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词，表示“在之上、 向、处于状态”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about 等。(2) fore，表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg(3) in, il, im, ir 表示“向内 在内”：inside, include, import(4) inter，表示“在间、相互”：international(5) intro，表示“在（向）内”：introduce(6) out，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow(7) over，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow(8) pre，表示“在前”：prefix, preposition