国外各种标准型不定期干货船设计特点国外各种标准型不定期干货船设计特点一、经济性、多用途性现代不定期标准型干货船由于需要量多，造船厂能够使用流水线成批生产。用船部门对这类运输低运价的货物也主要从运输成本最经济的角度着眼，不要求过高的航速和复杂的设备。设计特点主要是简单、可靠、经济，不仅造价低、建造快，而且营运费用和维护费用也低。这种干货船的造价比相同吨位的定期干货船低一半左右。而且具有无需特别的沿岸和港口设施就能够达到具有多用途的目的。客运输包装及散装干货、煤、矿石、车辆、木材，但仍各有侧重。有些川还具备重型吊杆，以供特殊需求。二、船型、尺度和航速标准船型的演变：很久以来，人们所熟悉的不定期货船都是三岛式船型，只是在四十年代以后欧美海运国家制定的标准货船才改变为凭甲板或遮蔽甲板，当时日本造的船型多数还是三岛式。五十年代开始这类三岛式船型才基本不再建造，多数代之以开闭式遮蔽甲板。近年来新建的标准型货船大多数属于全实尺寸的封闭式甲板船，即其构件尺寸合乎船舶建造规范的要求，并以最上层全长甲板作为干舷甲板，也有成为最小干舷船型的，一般不再人为的设置吨位开口，这样初增加船舶安全型外，第二层甲板舱口装置可以简化，也便于装卸和达到多用途的目的。但也有少数国家设计成开闭式遮蔽甲板船型。干货船的机舱位置也是近二十年来主要演变之一。近来大都将机舱布置在艉部，并且已经成为一个基本倾向。在五十年代以前设计的大型货船的机舱都设在中央部分。只是在五十年代开始机舱设计在艉部的货船才被引起了主意。当时桥楼还是在前面而机舱在艉部，以后逐渐形成把上层建筑和机舱都放在艉部。标准船型的多样化：近年来设计的标准型常常可以根据需要而变型。如西德Blohm Since the 60s have provided “Freedom“ therenewal best size according to Canadian Campbell Corporation, Thought: The load-carrying capacity 13,600 tons, the drinking water8.61 meters, two hang between the column the length 134 meters to bemost economical. The actual load-carrying capacity generally is 13,000 - 19, 000 tons, the load draft generally does not surpass 9.14meters. In recent years in hull main criterion compared to selects the aspect,introduced according to the Japanese Hitachi shipping businesssexperiment and the experience, thought the freighter L/B generallyused 7 in the past - 8, at present uses 6.5 - 7.0, B/T at presentgenerally uses 2.2 - 2.4. Japan “Freedom“ selects AlgonquinMark II,L/B=6.769, B/T at present uses 2.297, Cb=0.768, this kind type of the ship originally only uses in the large-scale oil tanker or the bulkfreighter. It is reported the marine experiment indicated “Freedom“ to uses theconventional type of ship similar ships to compare, the use power may reduce3% (full load) and 11% (idling) but the speed is invariable.Speed: Overseas to non-periodically does the freighter speed thedesignation, mainly emphatically piles to the efficiency burns theEuropean cost, the range far and near, the loading and unloadingspeed, the type choice and so on various aspects performs to analyzethe consideration. For US because comes for a long time in order toinvade the dynasty to invade war transportation need high but the fueloil is more inexpensive with the passage fee and managementeffectiveness and so on the reason, as early as in the 50sconstructions four kind of standard types freighter speed, besidesamong “Island“, achieves 18, At that time this kind of speed in the economy was difficulty withother marine transportation country constructions freightercompetitions. Recently US announced 1970 - 1982 the standard typemultipurpose ship also by changed the speed decides as about 16. Sincethe 60s the ocean tramp speed has gradually enhanced tendency, butalso about 15, generally does not surpass 18.Bulb bow: In order to enhance the ships the speed, in recentyears the newly built oil tanker and the freighter mostly used the bulb bow, generally might enhance speed approximately 0.5, butwas not all situations all is must install the bulb bow.Introduced according to the Hitachi shipping businesss experiencethat, the ships have the bulb bow, also is the high speedfreighter has the bulb bow may reduce the wave-make esistance, they thought the ships speed above 30, Buddha counts is0.5, uses the bulb bow, the main engine power may save 7%; Theships speed is about 22, Buddha counts is 0.3, uses the bulb bow,the main engine power may save 2% - 3%; The medium-speed ships use thepower which the bulb bow can save very slightly, but also thoughtdesigns the oil tanker the bulb bow to design the freighter the bulb bow to want to be easier than. Third, structure, design characteristic Structural style: The modern age department regularly does thefreighter generally to be equipped with two fixed spans decks. On ZhuJiaban generally does not have shear, the between decks and theinfrabasal plate all are horizontal, also does not have shear alsodoes not have the camber of beam, adapts in the cabin to produce thevehicle work and the simplification construction project; The cargohold cross bulkhead also somewhat uses the trough bulkhead; Thedouble-decked bottom and Zhu Jiaban are most is longitudinally framed the posture, Two sides are fream; Middle the ship has very longparallel middle body, and by Philippine graceful cargo hold; One side thehousing plate smooth, the curve partial are few and the constructionand the loading; Because or the shipyard possible idling to return theport, all is equipped with middle the deep Tibet calamity use inmiddle the cargo hold concurrently to make the deep cabin to use,guaranteed in places such as any loading container sten leans thequestion.Struck against the load U, V ship bow ships bottom shape influencewhich was generally called regarding the custom in is veryinconsistent in the past opinion, proposed in the report according torecently the international ships organization conference to think Vship in struck against the time could cause bow the base steel plateaberration to