USDA Pain Levels 美国农业部疼痛分级USDA Category B B类Breeding or Holding Colony Protocols繁育或维持种群的方案USDA Category C C 类No more than momentary or slight pain or distress and no use of pain-relieving drugs, or no pain or distress. For example: euthanatized for tissues; just observed under normal conditions; positive reward projects; routine procedures; injections; and blood sampling.仅有瞬时或轻微的疼痛或应激反应，且不使用减缓疼痛的药物；或者不存在疼痛或应激反应。例如：安乐死取组织；仅在正常情况下能观察到；积极的奖励项目；常规操作；注射；以及采血。Examples1. Holding or weighing animals in teaching or research activities. 2. Injections, blood collection or catheter implantation via superficial vessels. 3. Tattooing animals. 4. Ear punching of rodents. 5. Routine physical examinations. 6. Observation of animal behavior. 7. Feeding studies, which do not result in clinical health problems. 8. AVMA approved humane euthanasia procedures. 9. Routine agricultural husbandry procedures. 10. Live trapping. 11. Positive reward projects. 1. 在教学或科研活动中保定或称重动物。2. 注射,采血或通过表浅血管植入导管。3. 对动物进行纹身。4. 对啮齿类动物进行耳朵穿孔。5. 常规体格检查。6. 观察动物行为。7. 不会导致临床健康问题的喂食实验。8. 美国兽医协会允许的人道主义安乐死程序。9. 常规的农牧业饲养程序。10. 活体诱捕。11. 积极的奖励项目。USDA Category D D 类Pain or distress appropriately relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.使用麻醉剂、镇痛剂和 /或镇静剂或其他方法适当地减轻疼痛或应激反应。Examples 1. Diagnostic procedures such as laparoscopy or needle biopsies. 2. Non-survival surgical procedures. 3. Survival surgical procedures. 4. Post-operative pain or distress. 5. Ocularblood,collection in mice. 6. Terminal cardiac blood collection. 7. Any post procedural outcome resulting in evident pain, discomfort or distress such as that associated with,decreased appetite/ activity level, adverse reactions, to touch, open skin lesions, abscesses, lameness, conjunctivitis, corneal edema and photophobia. 8. Exposure of blood vessels for catheter implantation. 9. Exsanguination under anesthesia. 10. Induced infections or antibody production with appropriate anesthesia and post-op/postprocedure analgesia when necessary. 1. 诊断程序，如腹腔镜检查或穿刺活检。2. 非存活手术程序。3. 存活手术程序。4. 手术后疼痛或应激反应。5. 小鼠眼部采血。6. 终末心脏采血 . 7. 任何由明显疼痛、不适或诸如与食欲/活动水平下降、对触摸、开放性皮肤伤口、脓肿、跛行、结膜炎、角膜水肿以及畏光等相关的应激反应所导致的后果。8. 因导管植入而需暴露血管。9. 麻醉状态下放血。10. 适当的时候采用合适的麻醉和术后镇痛来控制诱发的感染或抗体产生。USDA Category E E 类Pain or distress or potential pain or distress that is not relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.不通过麻醉剂 镇痛剂和 /或镇静剂或其他方法来减轻疼痛或应激反应或潜在的疼痛或应激反应。Examples 1. Toxicological or microbiological testing, cancer research or infectious disease research that requires continuation until clinical symptoms are evident or death occurs. 2. Ocular or skin,irritancy testing. 3. Food or water deprivation beyond that necessary for ordinary pre-surgical preparation. 4. Application of noxious stimuli such as electrical shock if the animal cannot avoid/escape the stimuli and/or it is severe enough to cause injury or more than momentary pain or distress. 5. Infliction of burns or trauma. 6. Prolonged restraint. 7. Any procedures for which needed analgesics, tranquilizers, sedatives, or anesthetics must be withheld for justifiable study purposes. 8. Use of paralyzing or immobilizing drugs for restraint. 9. Exposure to abnormal or extreme environmental conditions. 10. Psychotic-like behavior suggesting a painful or distressful status. 11. Euthanasia by procedures not approved by the AVMA. 1. 毒理学或微生物学检测、需持续进行直至出现明显临床症状或死亡的癌症研究或感染性疾病研究。2. 眼部或皮肤刺激性试验。3. 禁食或禁水超过了普通的手术前准备时间。4. 使用有害性刺激，如电击，如果动物无法避免或摆脱刺激和/或刺激太严重足以造成伤害或非一过性的疼痛或应激反应。5. 因创伤或烧伤而导致的感染。6. 长时间的限制。7. 因理由充分的试验目的所需，而必须保留需要使用镇静剂、镇痛剂或麻醉剂的任何操作流程。8. 使用麻痹或固定药物用于动物的限制。9. 暴露于异常或极端环境条件下。10. 精神病样的行为而提示疼痛或应激状态。11. 采用未被美国兽医协会允许的方法进行安乐死。(Note: there is no USDA Category A.) （注：无美国农业部 A 类疼痛级别）Guidelines for determining USDA classification in protocols involving tissue collection before/after euthanasia and/or animal perfusion: 对项目中涉及安乐死前后和/或动物灌注前后组织采集的USDA 疼痛类型判定的指导如下：If an animal will be euthanatized by an approved physical or chemical method of euthanasia solely for the collection of tissues (after the animals death), the procedure should be classified as USDA C. 如果动物通过允许的物理或化学方法安乐死后且仅用于组织采集（在动物死亡之后），这类操作程序应归为USDA C 类。If an animal will be anesthetized so that non-vital tissues can be collected (liver or skin biopsy), and the animal will then be allowed to recover, the procedure should be classified as USDA D (survival surgery). 如果动物麻醉后用于非重要组织的采集（肝或皮肤活检），且之后允许动物恢复，则这类操作程序应归为USDA D 类（存活手术）。If an animal will be anesthetized so that non-vital tissues can be collected (liver or skin biopsy, etc.); and the animal will then be euthanatized, the procedure should be classified as USDA D (non-survival surgery). In this scenario, it is necessary to justify why the animal couldnt be euthanatized (USDA category C) rather than anesthetized. 如果动物麻醉后用于非重要组织的采集（肝或皮肤活检等），且之后动物将被安乐死，则这类操作程序应归为USDA D 类（非存活手术）。在这种情况下，有必要证明为什么动物不直接安乐死（ USDA C 类）而要先进行麻醉。If an animal will be anesthet