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第 1 页 共 3 页否否 定定 转转 移移 现现 象象 精精 讲讲江苏省如东高级中学 缪 庭(教授级高级教师)英语中最常见的否定是用否定副词 not 来表示。英语的否定可分为一般否定和特指否定。一般否定通过 not 否定句子的谓语来否定全句,特指否定的 not 否定句子的特定部分。但有时,对句子某一部分的否定不通过直接否定那一部分,而是通过否定句子的谓语来实现。这种变特指否定为一般否定的现象叫做否定的转移(transferred negative)。常见的否定转移有下列几种情况:一当 think,suppose,believe,imagine,fancy,guess,should say 等表示主观意见和猜想的动词在句中作谓语时,按习惯其宾语从句的否定通常转移到主句。例如:Thered be men who I didnt think would want to be fooling around with him. 我认为有人不愿和他鬼混。We dont suppose he will pay. 我们认为他不会付钱。二在 seem,feel,taste,sound,appear 作联系动词的句子中,特别是 seem,按习惯以它的否定来代替其他部分的否定。例如:English doesnt seem easy to learn. 英语好象不容易学。It didnt seem during those years that there could be anyone else who might share my own peculiar tastes. 在那些年月里,似乎没有人会有我这样的特殊情趣。I dont feel quite myself today. 我今天不大舒服。You dont sound reasonable this time. 这一回你的话听起来没道理。类似的情况还有半助动词 happen。例如:He didnt happen to be at home. 他碰巧不在家。三以 because 引导的从句或 because of 引导的介词短语在句中作原因状语时,其否定常常转移。例如:I dont teach because teaching is easy for me., and nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or I have knowledge I feel compelled to share with others. ( I teach not because neither because) 我当教师,并不是因为我觉得教书轻松,也不是因为我认为自己能够解答各种问题,或者因为我有满腹学问,觉得非与别人分享不可。第 2 页 共 3 页I didnt go there because of his request. (I went there not because of his request.) 我不是因为他的要求而去的。在有些情况下,否定显然是在主句,而不在从句,并未转移。例如:I couldnt concentrate because I was so hungry, because I hadnt had my breakfast. 我无法集中精力,因为我很饿,因为我没有吃早饭。有时,特指否定和一般否定界线不明,因而产生歧义。例如:I didnt go because I was afraid. 特指否定:我去了,但不是因为我害怕。一般否定:我没有去,因为我害怕。当句子是一般否定时,为避免歧义,在口头表达时,需在 because 前稍作停顿。在书面表达时,可在 because 前用逗号将从句和主句分开。例如:He didnt go to school, because he was ill. 他没去上学,因为他病了。 四否定还可以从其他短语充当的状语转移到谓语去。例如:We dont judge a person by appearance. (We judge a person not by appearance.) 我们不以貌取人。He didnt go to work by bus, but by train. (He went to work not by bus, but by train.) 他上班不是乘公共汽车,而是乘火车。I didnt go there just to ask for help. (I went there not just to ask for help.) 我去那儿不只是为了求援。五当句中有含总括意义的代词、形容词或副词all,both,every,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere 等词时,它们的否定常常转移到谓语动词上去,表示部分否定。例如:All is not gold that glitters. (Not all that flitters is gold.) 发光的并不都是金子。Such books cannot be found everywhere. (Not everywhere can such books be found.) 这种书并不到处都能找到的。第 3 页 共 3 页
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