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语法填空专项训练-非谓语动词 非谓语动词是语法填空的必考考点,每年高考至少有 1 道题。不仅如此,掌握非谓语 动词的基本用法,对增强书面表达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明显的作用。 首先,我们回顾一下非谓语动词的语法功能(在句中充当何种成分):主语宾语表语定语状语宾补动名词 不定式 分词 现在,我们简要回顾其主要考点: 考点 1:作主语表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用-ing; 表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用 to do 。考点 2:作表语 (1) 动名词和不定式作表语说明主语的具体内容。 (2)分词作表语则说明主语的性质,像 puzzling, surprising, exciting 等-ing 分词表示“令 人的(事物)”;像 puzzled, surprised, excited 等-ed 分词表示“(人)感到的”。 考点 3:作宾语 (1)有些动词只能用不定式作宾语。如 refuse, expect, promise, decide, offer, pretend 等。(类似 动词和短语动词还有哪些?请补上) (2)有些动词只能用动名词作宾语。如:keep, allow, finish, enjoy, mind, practice, avoid, admit, advise, consider, imagine, appreciate, escape, suggest 等。(类似动词和短语动词还有哪些?请 补上) (3) 在表示“需要”的 need, want 和 require 等后用-ing 形式的主动形式表示被动意义,也可 用不定式的被动式。 (4)在 forget, remember, regret, mean, try 等动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式,但意义差 别较大。 (5)在介词之后用动名词作宾语。注意 to 是介词的短语,如 be /get used to, be accustomed to(习惯于), contribute to , devote oneself to /be devoted to, get down to, look forward to 等。(6)含介词的固定句式: prevent /stop /keep sb. /sth. from doing 阻止做 spend /waste time or money in doing 在做方面花费/浪费时间或金钱have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在做方面有些困难 have a hard time in doing sth.做某事很艰难 there is no sense in doing 做是没有理由/道理的 (7)介词后一般只能接动名词,但在表示“除外”的介词 but 和 except 后,有时可接不定 式;当前面有行为动词 do 时,不定式不带 to;前面没有行为动词 do 时,要带 to。 考点 4:作宾补 当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时,用不定式(未来或全过程)或-ing 形式(正在 进行或一直处于某种状态); 当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时,用-ed 形式。请注意复习以下 6 点: (1)在 ask, invite, encourage, advise, forbid, remind 等动词后,用带 to 的不定式作宾补。 (2)在 help 后作宾补的不定式带不带 to 均可。 (3)在 make, let, have 等使役动词和 feel, smell, hear, see, watch 等感官动词后,一般用不带 to 的不定式作宾补,但在其被动式后作主语补足语时,要加上 to。 (4)在 with 的宾语后,若用-ed 形式,表示宾语与-ed 形式在逻辑上是被动关系,且意味着该 动作已经完成;若用-ing 形式,表示宾语与-ing 形式在逻辑上是主动关系,且表示动作持 续进行。 (5)get sb. to do sth. =have sb. do sth.使某人做某事(主动、将来); get/havedoing 使处于 某一状态中(主动、持续); getdone=have sth. done 请人做/遭受(被动)。 (6) make oneself 后常用 understood, heard, seen, known 等作宾补,表示让别人明白自己的意 思/让自己讲的话被别人听到/让自己被别人看到/让自己被别人认识。 考点 6:作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语:常放在所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来的动作,多用来修饰 have、there be、with 之后的名词,表示“有要”;或修饰“the+序数词”。(2)分词作定语:被修饰的名词与分词是主动关系,用-ing 形式,是被动关系时用-ed 形式。考点 7:特殊句式 Why not do sth.? =Why dont you do sth.?何不做某事呢? had better (not) do sth.最好(不)做某事 would rather (not) do sth.宁愿(不)做某事 would do A rather than do B = would rather do A than do B = prefer to do A rather than do B = prefer doing A to doing B 宁做 A 事不做 B 事 考点 8:独立结构 (1) -ing 形式的独立成分:judging by /from(根据判断), generally speaking(一般说来), strictly speaking(严格说来), frankly speaking(坦率地说)等。 (2)不定式的独立结构:to tell you the truth(和你说实话吧), to make things worse(情况更糟的 是)等。 (3)用作介词或连词的 considering(考虑到,就而言)和 given(考虑到)后接名词或 that 从句。解题技巧 解答语法填空时,首先分析句子结构,若句子已有谓语动词且不是并谓语时,所给动词必 定用非谓语动词;然后分析该非谓语动词在句中作什么句子成分,初定作该成分的应是哪 一种或几种非谓语动词形式;最后再根据非谓语动词各自的特点和用法,同时看谓语动词 有没有特别的要求,再结合与逻辑主语的关系,确定该填哪种形式。 另外,在确定用-ing 形式还是用-ed 形式,用 to do 还是用 to be done 时,都是由该非谓语 动词与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系来确定的。那么,如何找出非谓语动词的逻辑主 语?这与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关,详见下表:充当句 子成分宾语 表语状语定语宾补逻辑 主语句子的主语所修饰的词句子的宾语例 1the proverb, “plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. (2008 年广东) 分析:因句中已有谓语 is based,而“plucking up a crop 32 (help) it grow”是 the proverb 的同位语,是一个名词短语而非同位语从句,因此,help 应是非谓语动词;“帮助 禾苗长”是“将禾苗拨起来”的目的,作目的状语,用动词不定式,故填 to help。 例 2While she was getting me _34_ (settle) into a tiny but clean room(2007 年广东) 分析:因句中已有谓语 was getting,所以 settle 应是非谓语动词;又由 settle sb. into/in/on(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知,me 与 settle 是被动关系,要用过去分词用宾补, 故填 settled。 一、单句填空:用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. _ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国) 2. Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _(argue) with him. (上 海) 3. Please remain _(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (辽宁) 4. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _(smoke) here. (江苏) 5. It is difficult to imagine his _ (accept) the decision without any consideration. (陕西) 6. I cant stand _(work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _(stop) talking while she works. (北京) 7. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _ (repair). (陕西) 8. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ (live) alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. (湖南) 9. Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _(not take) his advice! (安徽) 10. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ (get) her permission for things, think again. (湖南) 11. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom. (全国)12. They are quiet, arent they?Yes. They are accustomed to _ (not talk) at meals. (江苏) 13. Isnt it time you got down to _ (mark) the papers? (重庆) 14. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ (set) up some schools for poor children. (上海) 15. She looks forward every spring to _ (walk) in the flower-lined garden. (上海) 16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he
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