嵌入式专业英语嵌入式专业英语M memory map（内存映射） A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the memory space. Memory maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target. 一个在内存空间中的，包含每个外设的名字和可由处理器设置的地址范围的表格或图表。内存映射有助于了解目标机情况。memory-mapped I/O（内存映射 I/O） An increasingly common hardware design methodology in which I/O devices are placed into the memory space rather than the I/O space. From the processor“s point of view, memory-mapped I/O devices look very much like memory devices. 一种日益流行的硬件设计方法，在这种方法中，I/O 设备被放置在内存空间而不是 I/O 空间。从处理器的观点看，内存映射 I/O 设备看上去很象内存一样。 memory space（内存空间） A processor“s standard address space. Contrast with I/O space. 一个处理器的标准地址空间。相对 I/O 空间。Microcontroller（微控制器） A microcontroller is very similar to a microprocessor. The main difference is that a microcontroller is designed specifically for use in embedded systems Microcontrollers typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM and/or ROM), and other peripherals on the same chip. Common examples are the 8051, Intel“s 80196, and Motorola“s 68HCxx series. 微控制器很像微处理器。主要的差别在于微控制器被特殊设计用在嵌入式系统中。微控制器典型地包括 CPU、内存（很小的 RAM 或 ROM） ，还有其他的外设，它们在同一块芯片上。常见的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx 系列。Microprocessor（微处理器） A piece of silicon containing a general-purpose CPU. The most common examples are Intel“s 80x86 and Motorola“s 680x0 families. 一片包含通用 CPU 的硅片。常见的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola 680x0 系列。Monitor（监视器） In the context of this book, a debug monitor. However, there is a second meaning for this word that is associated with intertask communication. In that context, a monitor is a language-level synchronization feature. 在这本书的上下文中，是指调试监视器。然而，第二个意思与任务间通讯相关联。在那个上下文中，监视器是高级同步机制的特性。Multiprocessing（多处理） The use of more than one processor in a single computer system. So-called “multiprocessor systems“ usually have a common memory space through which the processors can communicate and share data. In addition, some multiprocessor systems support parallel processing. 在单个的计算机系统中有多个处理器。被叫作“多处理器系统”的一般有公用的内存空间，处理器通过它们进行通讯和共享数据。另外，一些多处理器系统支持并行处理。Multitasking （多任务）The execution of multiple software routines in pseudo-parallel. Each routine represents a separate “thread of execution“ and is referred to as a task. The operating system is responsible for simulating parallelism by parceling out the processor“s time. 伪并行运行的多个软件程序。每一个程序表现得像分开的“执行的线程”并且被看作是一个任务。操作系统通过分配处理器时间来模拟并行方式。Mutex（互斥） A data structure for mutual exclusion, also known as a binary semaphore. A mutex is basically just a multitasking-aware binary flag that can be used to synchronize the activities of multiple tasks. As such, it can be used to protect critical sections of the code from interruption and shared resources from simultaneous use. 表现互斥现象的数据结构，也被当作二元信号灯。一个互斥基本上是一个多任务敏感的二元信号，它能用作同步多任务的行为，它常用作保护从中断来的临界段代码并且在共享同步使用的资源。 mutual exclusion（互斥现象） A guarantee of exclusive access to a shared resource. In embedded systems, the shared resource is typically a block of memory, a global variable, or a set of registers. Mutual exclusion can be achieved with the use of a semaphore or mutex. 唯一访问共享资源的保证。在嵌入式系统中，共享的资源典型的有内存块或寄存器组。互斥现象能由使用信号灯或互斥完成。N NVRAM Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory. A type of RAM that retains its data even when the system is powered down. NVRAM frequently consists of an SRAM and a long-life battery. 非易失的随机访问存储器。一种能在系统关机的情况下保持它的数据的 RAM。NVRAM 常常由 SRAM 和长寿命电池组成。O OTP See one-time programmable. object code（目标代码） A set of processor-readable opcodes and data. The output of compilers,assemblers, linkers, and locators are files containing object code. 处理器能读的操作码和数据。编译器、汇编器、连接器和定位器的输出文件都含有目标代码。object file（目标文件） A file containing object code. The output of a compiler or assembler. 包含目标代码的文件。编译器或汇编器的输出。one-time programmable（一次可编程的） Any programmable device, like a PROM, that can be programmed just once by the end user. However, this term is used almost exclusively to refer to microcontrollers with on-chip PROM. 任一可编程的设备，像 PROM，仅仅能被最终用户编程一次。然而，这个术语一般被专有地使用在拥有片上 PROM 的微控制器上。 opcode A sequence of bits that is recognized by the processor as one of the instructions in its instruction set. 一串被处理器验证过的二进制位的序列，它作为其指令集的一个子集。operating system（操作系统） A piece of software that makes multitasking possible. An operating system typically consists of a set of function calls, or software interrupts, and a periodic clock tick. The operating system is responsible for deciding which task should be using the processor at a given time and for controlling access to shared resources. 使多任务能够实现的一个软件。一个操作系统典型地由一个函数调用集、软件中断和定期时钟周期组成。一个操作系统负责决定哪一个任务在给定的时间将使用处理器，并且控制对共享资源的访问。Oscilloscope（示波器） A hardware debugging tool that allows you to view the voltage on one or more electrical lines. For example, you might use an oscilloscope to determine if a particular interrupt is currently asserted. 一种硬件调试工具，它让你能观察到一个或更多电路上的电压。例如：如果一个特殊的中断发生，你可以用一个示波器去检测它。P PROM（可编程只读存储器） Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be written (programmed) with a device programmer. These memory device