中国科学技术大学 博士学位论文 宋代瓷器科技分析浅论 姓名：王洪敏 申请学位级别：博士 专业：科学技术史 指导教师：王昌燧;毛振伟 20100401 摘 要 I 摘 要 中国作为世界四大文明古国之一，有着悠久的历史与灿烂的文化。陶瓷器 的生与发展在中国文明史上具有十分重要的作用，代表着生力的发展，是 中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶。 从最早一万年前新石器时代早期的陶器开始，中国陶瓷的发展经历了三大 技术突破和五个里程碑，随着生产技术的不断进步，涌现出越来越多的精美产 品和高超工艺。 从 20 世纪二十年代起，我国开始将科技分析运用到古陶瓷的研究中； 此后 对于古代陶瓷的研究和分析技术迅速发展，应用方法也得到不断改进。一般来 说，古陶瓷的分析方法分为两类，成分分析和结构分析方法。这些研究方法从 胎釉元素含量、微观结构、矿物组成等方面揭示古陶瓷物理和化学特征，从而 进一步得到古陶瓷的原料产地及生产工艺信息。 本博士论文聚焦现代实验技术在宋代瓷器研究中的应用。论文第一章，概 括了宋代历史经济背景以及这一时瓷器生产的发展，同时介绍古陶瓷研究中 一些常用的科技分析方法，简略讨论了它们的优缺点和适用范围。 官窑青瓷是宋代最重要的一类瓷器，代表着当时生产工艺的最高水平；但 人们对于北宋及南宋的官窑具体所在地一直存在争议。经过上世纪九十年代以 及本世纪初分别对浙江杭州老虎洞和河南汝州张公巷遗址的发掘和出土文物的 研究，这一争论终于有了初步结论。论文第二章中，选取了张公巷和老虎洞出 土的各十二片瓷片， 通过比较外观颜色、 显微结构、 烧成温度和胎釉化学成分， 讨论了这两个窑口品之间的联系。 论文第三章旨在探讨宋代青瓷的发展传播路线。通过色差分析和元素组成 特征判别等方法，研究青瓷从北宋汝瓷、张公巷窑，到南宋低岭头越窑，老虎 洞窑的技术传承关系。 宋代由于斗茶之风大盛， 黑釉瓷因其可以突显茶色之白的特点也盛行一时。 论文第四章讨论了湖北蕲春罗州城出土的宋代黑釉瓷片的物相结构和化学组成 等特征，运用 SPSS 分析软件对胎釉元素组成进行分析，结合前人研究成果， 对这批黑釉瓷片的产地进行了判断。 青白瓷是宋代出现的一种“玉”瓷器，青中带白，白中泛青。对青白瓷 摘 要 II 的产地研究一直是学术界讨论的热点。论文第五章选取湖北蕲春罗州城出土青 白瓷片，分析青白瓷物理化学各方面的性能，并利用其他已知产地的青白瓷片 进行对比分析，尝试对其进行产地划分。同时，选取若干青白瓷和青瓷样品进行胎釉成分测试，探讨这两种瓷器的区别与联系。 宋代瓷器博大精深，远非一篇博士论文可以探究，然而，本论文毕竟涉及 到宋代的多种瓷器，如青瓷、青白瓷和黑釉瓷等，特别是官窑青瓷，其代表着 当时生产工艺的最高水平，从这一点讲，或许本论文从一个侧面，反映了宋代 瓷器工艺与艺术之一斑。 关键词：官窑 青瓷 黑釉瓷 青白瓷 成分分析 结构分析 产地研究 Abstract III ABSTRACT As one of the four maj or ancient civilizat i ons, China has a l ong and cont inuous history and brilliant cul ture. In the Chinese history of civilizati on, the creati on and devel opment of ceramic have played a si gnificant rol e, which represented the progress of productivi t y and the f rui t of ancient Chinese people s wisdom. Since the earliest pottery f rom the early Neoli t hic Age, as early as 10,000 years ago, the devel opment of Chinese ceramics has experienced three technical breakthroughs and five milestones. And as the technique progressed, there has been more and more delicate ceramic articles and refined craf tsmanship. From the 90s of the 20 th century , scientific analysis has been applied in the study of ancient ceramics, and the research technique and methodol ogy were gradually improved heref rom. Generally speaking, the analyt ical method of ancient ceramics can be divided as composi t i onal analysis and structural analysis. Those methods revealed the physical and chemical characteri st i cs of ancient ceramics in terms of element component, microstructure, mineral composi t i on and so on, and furthermore expl ored the informat i on of the materi al provenance and producti on technol ogy . This doctoral di ssertati on concentrated on the applicat i on of modern analyt ical techniques in the study of Song porcel ains. The first chapter summarized the histori cal and economical background of the Song dynasty , and the devel opment of porcel ain manufacture at thi s peri od; meanwhile, this chapter introduced some common analyt ical methods applied in the study of ancient ceramics, and briefly di scussed thei r advantages and limi tat i ons. Celadon wares of the of ficial kiln were one of the most important ki nds of porcel ain in the Song dynast y , whi ch represented the highest l evel of productivi t y of that time. The l ong-term controversy on the l ocati on of the Northern and Southern Song of ficial kiln gradually settl ed down af ter the excavati on of Laohudong, Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province in the 1990s and Zhanggongxiang, Ruzhou of Henan Province in the beginning of this century , and the study on the unearthed cul tural relics. In the second chapter of the dissertati on, 24 cel adon shards f rom Zhanggongxiang and Laohudong were analyzed in terms of appearance, Abstract IV microstructure, firing temperature and chemical composi t i on, and therefore the rel at i onship between the products f rom those two kilns were discussed. The thi rd chapter tri ed to expl ore the transmissi on route of celadon in the Song dynasty . Chromat i c aberrati on and element composi t i on were analyzed to find out the cel adon transmissi on route f rom Ru and Zhanggongxiang kiln of the Northern Song, to Y ue and Laohudong kiln of the Southern Song dynast y . There was a fashi on of “tea appreci at i on” in the Song dynasty , and black- glazed porcel ain arti cles got preval ent because they could accent the whi teness of the tea. And in the fourth chapter , several black-glazed porcel ain shards excavated f rom Luozhou ci t y si te of Hubei Province were studied in terms of microstructure and chemical composi t i on. The element components were analyzed wi t h SPSS in comparison wi th