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1初中语法知识结构 英语中的语言单位有;单词,词组,从句,句子语法知识语法知识 句群,段,段落,篇,章语法知识语法知识 句子; 不完全句;句子没有包含一套完整的主谓宾结构,在这里仅仅指一些, 1 省略句A; what did he arrive?B; Last night.A; Who called this morning?B; Mr John. 2.还有一些不完全句并不是省略了什么,而是,依赖一些特定的语境,而且 能够独立使用,并具有一定的交际功能。 No Smoking No Parking 完全句;至少含有一套完整的主谓宾结构-又可以分为四类不同的句式 1 简单句-只含有一套主谓宾,而且各个成分均是由词组构成的句子-例如,The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.-注意点;如果构成句子成分的词组本身带有从属分句,那么这个 句子仍然是简单句。The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.-分类;陈述句感叹句-疑问句-祈使句-定语从句 2 复杂句-若某个句子成分直接由从属分句构成,那么这种句子就叫做复杂 句。-分类;名词性从句-状语从句 (1)状语从句- 状语从句-时间状语从句-地点状语从句-条件状语从句 -原因状语从句目的状语从句-结果状语从句-让步状语从句 (2)名词性从句-主语从句-宾语从句-表语从句-同位语从句 3 并列句-两个或者两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来, 便构成了并列句。 (1) 标点符号-He is a good student ;I like him very much. -He is a good student-he studies every day. (2) 并列连词-My father bought me a present, and I like it very much.both.and. as.well.asHe can speak not only English but also French.but, yet, while, however, Lucy likes red while Lily likes white. either.or. or, Study hard or you will fail the exam.Kate was ill so she didnt go to school.I have to stay up late, for I have lots of homework to do. 4 并列复杂句-一个并列句,如果包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成 分,这便是并列复杂句-They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldnt see the program because our 2television was broken. 第二部分第二部分 1 陈述句陈述句-陈述一件事情或者表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式。 (1) be 的的否定形式;be +not (2) 助动词的否定形式助动词的否定形式;be doing, be going to, be done 都是在 be 后加 not (3) do 后加后加 not (4) 情态动词情态动词+not (5) 一些带有否定形式的词,所构成的否定句一些带有否定形式的词,所构成的否定句 no = not any/a never/little/few/no one/ nobody/nothing/neither.of/none/ seldom/ hardly/tooto 2 感叹句;感叹句是用来表达人的情感的句子感叹句;感叹句是用来表达人的情感的句子 What 引导的感叹句引导的感叹句-(1) what a/an+adj+可数名词单数可数名词单数+主语主语+谓语谓语 (2)what +adj+可数名词的复数形式可数名词的复数形式+主语主语+谓语谓语 (3) what+adj+不可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语 How 引导的感叹句 (1) how+adj/adv+主语+谓语 (2) how+adj+a/an+可数名词单数形式+主语+谓语 (3) how+主语+谓语 3 疑问句-一般疑问句;一般疑问句通常是怎么问,就怎么回答,即用什么 词提问就用什么词回答,但是,否定的一般疑问句通常是(1)以以 be 动词,情动词,情 态动词,或者是助动词与态动词,或者是助动词与 not 的缩略形式开头的,也的缩略形式开头的,也用 yes 或者 no 回答,但 其汉语翻译与其原文正好相反。 -Dont you hear of that? -Yes, I do. 不,我听说过 -No, I dont. 是的,我没有听说过。 (2)以其他词语代替 yes 或者 no 来回答,从而使语气变得客气委婉。-Can you come and go to the park with me?-I am afraid not. I have a lot of work to do. 选择疑问句;选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用 or 连接,回答时,不能 使用 yes 或 no,回答时要用一个完整的句子或者它的省略形式。 -Do you like apples or pears? -I like pears. -Which would you like better, tea or coffee? -I like coffee. 特殊疑问句 -疑问代词;what,who,which,whose,whom-疑问副词;when, where, why, how-疑问词组;how soon/how long/how far/how often 反义疑问句;陈述部分是肯定,疑问部分就是否定;陈述部分是否定,疑问部 分就是肯定。 反义疑问句中常用;never, few, little, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none, tooto, seldom 3(1) 陈述部分是“there be”结构时,反义疑问部分用“be there” There is a tree in front of the building, isnt there? (2) 当陈述部分的主语为指示物的不定代词;something, anything, everything 时, 反义疑问句的主语应用 it, Something is wrong with your computer, isnt it? (3) 当陈述部分为指人的不定代词,somebody, anybody, everybody 等时,反义疑 问句的主语,可用 he 或者 they. Somebody wants to see you, doesnt he (dont they) (4) 陈述句的主语为 this, that, these, those, 反义疑问句要用 it, they. This is a beautiful picture, isnt it? Those arent apple trees, are they? (5) 当陈述部分的动词为 have(has)时,由以下情况; have 在一般现在时中当“有”用的时候,反义疑问句的谓语可用 have,也可以用 do; Tom has a new watch, hasnt/doesnt he? have to 表示“不得不” “必须”是,反义疑问句的动词要用 doKate has to help her mother at home, doesnt she? have 表示“吃,喝,玩,度过”时,其反义疑问句的谓语应用 doThey had a good time in Beijing, didnt they? had better,用在陈述部分时,反义疑问句的谓语要用 hadWe had better stop talking, hadnt we? have 用在完成时态中,反义疑问句的谓语动词要用,haveLucy has ever been to Japan, hasnt she? (6) 当陈述部分为 I am 形式时,反义疑问部分应该用 arent I. I am right, arent I? (7) Listen to me carefully, will/wont you?Dont play with fire, will you? (7) 以 lets 开头的祈使句,反义疑问句应该用 shall we, 以 let us 开头的祈使句, 反义疑问句应该用 will you. Lets go to the park, shall we? Let us help you, will you? (8) 陈述部分若为主从复合句,则反义疑问句的主语与谓语要根据反义疑问句的 意思决定。 She said she would come tomorrow, didnt she? I think he is a good student, isnt he? We dont think you are right, are you? (注意否定前移) 反义疑问句的答语,按陈述部分的意思确定答语。 -Lucy skates very well, doesnt she? -Yes, she does.4-They dont like the house, do they? -No, they dont. 4 祈使句 的形式- (1) 使役动词的原形+其他部分 (2) Be+其他部分(形容词,名词,或介词) Be careful while crossing the street. (3) let +宾语+动词原形+其他部分 Lets go to swimming this afternoon. 祈使句的答语-回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,应该注意以下两点;形式一致,意思相反-Dont forget to turn off the right when you leave the room.-No, I wont. 5 定语从句 A beautiful girl The girl in red is Lucy. The girl wearing glasses is Lucy. The girl who is in red is Lucy. 定语从句又叫作形容词性从句,是因为它具有形容词的作用,在句子中修饰名 词或者是代词,定语从句需要注意的点; 被定语从句修饰的名词或者是代词叫做先行词 定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的名词或者代词后面 定语从句中的关系代词,关系副词 对关系代词,关系副词的解释He is my father who is nice to others. Mr. Yang is a teacher whom I respect. I never for
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