1天津商业大学 2015 年研究生入学考试试题专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学 课程名称：语言学及翻译（804） 共 5 页 第 1 页说明：答案标明题号写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的无效。Linguistics (100 marks)I. Studying linguistics, we have come across a lot of technical terms, some of which are listed below. Please write out the most acceptable definitions for each of them. (10 %)1) applied linguistics 2) displacement 3) cultural transmission 4) open class words 5) free morpheme 6) syntax 7) superordinate 8) locutionary act 9) acronyms 10) intercultural communication II. Studying linguistics we have been acquainted with many linguists, some of whom are listed below. Write out a phrase that may best represent their contributions to linguistics. （10%）1) Ferdinand de Saussure ; 2) M. A. K. Halliday; 3) Edward Sapir; 4) Paul Grice ; 5) Noam Chomsky. III. Linguistics as a specified discipline has its own technical ways of operation. Try to fill the blanks to demonstrate your technical sense of linguistics. (15%)1. The study of 1)_ used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 2. When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called 2)_.3. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language 2专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804） 共 5 页 第 2 页at some point of time in history is a 3) _ study; the description ofa language as it changes through time is a 4) _ study. 4. Please give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:voiced labiodental fricative: 5)_; voiceless alveolar stop: 6)_;voiced bilabial nasal: 7)_.5. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register, which is determined by three social variables: 8) _ of discourse, 9) _ of discourse, and 10) _ of discourse. 6. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the 11)_ _. 7. A 12) _ _ is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region while 13)_ _, which is characteristic of a particular social class, has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions. 8. An American linguist, Martin Joos, distinguishes five stages of formality, namely, (1) 14)_, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4) formal, (5) 15) _.IV. To be a student of linguistics, one needs to develop a sense of critical thinking. Please answer the following questions to demonstrate your critical potentials. (35%)1. From the generally accepted definition of language, we learn that “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” How would you explain that language is arbitrary? Is language entirely arbitrary? 2. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentence by providing two sentences that 3专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804） 共 5 页 第 3 页paraphrase two of the different meanings conveyed: The Seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus. 3. Language performs several functions. Could you name and briefly illustrate three basic functions performed by language? 4. First consider the following utterance:He has made a lot of academic achievements, but he is quite modest. Now the question is: Can you point out the conversational implicature of this utterance?5. Human language differs from animal communication in many ways. Could you illustrate the differences in terms of cultural transmission?V. Write two short essays on the following topics to demonstrate your potential of doing linguistics. (30%) 1.As we know, in the course of communication between Chinese learners of English and English native speakers, breakdowns sometimes occur due to pragmatic failure. Write a short essay about your understanding of pragmatic failure. 2.English language in its development has managed to widen its vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages. Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages have all played an active role in this process. Can you find some loan words in Chinese from other languages and briefly discuss this linguistic phenomenon? 4专 业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：语言学及翻译（804） 共 5 页 第 4 页Translation (50 points)VI. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (25 points)Being middle class is the very heart of the American Dream. In practical terms, its having a job that pays enough so you can own a home and a car, take a vacation once a year, and enjoy a few luxuries without worrying too much. Statistically, for a two-parent, two-child family, its having a household income in the range of about $50,000 to $122,000 a year. But most important of all, it means believing that our children can have an even better life than our own. In 2011, our faith in a brighter future, a