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京翰教育中心 http:/www.zgjhjy.com表语从句表语从句1. The question is _ we will have our sports meet next week.A. that B. if C. when D. whether2The reason why he failed is _he was too careless.A. because B. that C. for D. because of3. Go and get your coat. It s _you left itA. where B. there C. there where D. where there4The problem is _to take the place of TedA. who can we get B. what we can getC. who we can get D. that we can get5. What I want to know is _ he likes the gift given by us.A. that B. if C. whether D.不填6. The reason is_I missed the bus. A. that B. when C. why D. what7. That is _ _ we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what8. She looked _ she were ten years younger.A. that B. like C. as D. as though9.I fell sick!京翰教育中心 http:/www.zgjhjy.com-I think it is _ you are eating too much. A. why B. when C. what D. because 10. The reason why he hasnt come is _. A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mothers being illC. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill11. He was born here.- That is _ he likes the place so much.A. that B. what C. why D. how12.That is _ Lu Xun once lived.A. what B. where C. that D. whythat/what 的区别的区别1_your father wants to know is_ getting on with your studies.A. What; how are you B. That;how you are C. How;that you are D. What;how you are2. The trouble is_we are short of tools. A. what B. that C. how D. why that京翰教育中心 http:/www.zgjhjy.com3. America was _was first called “India” by Columbus.A. what B. where C. the place D. there where4. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_ . A. what it used to be B. what it was used to being C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be 5. _he really means is _he disagrees with us.A. What that B. That whatC. What what D. That what6. The energy is _ makes the cells able to do their work.A. that B. which C. what D. such高考练习高考练习1 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .Is that_ you had a few days off?(NMET1999)A. why B .what C. when D. where 2 .I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella _I got wet through. (1998 上海)A. Its the reason B. Thats why C. Theres why D. Its how3. See the flags on top of the building? That was _ we did this morning. (06 全国)A. when B. which C. where D. what京翰教育中心 http:/www.zgjhjy.com4. - Are you still thinking about yesterdays game?(2003 北京春)-Oh, thats _.A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited5. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.(2004 湖北)A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which答案答案 DBACCACDDCCBthat/what 的区别的区别 DBAAAC高考练习高考练习 ABDAA【远古先秦音乐】 我们的祖先和世界上的许多民族一样,经历了几十万年原始氏族公社的生活。氏族公社分为母系和父系两个阶段。我国地域广大,各地都发现有远古人们活动的遗迹,但其历史发展是不平衡的。各种类型的文化在每个历史阶段存在和延续的时间,有先有后,有长有短,有着错综复杂的关系。大致说来属于较早的新石器时代文化遗存有距今约六千年左右的长江流域河姆渡文化与黄河流域的裴李岗文化、大汶口文化、仰韶文化、马家窑文化。它们的音乐遗物证明,黄河、长江流域是中(蟹)华民族音乐文化的最早发祥地。约五千年前,各个氏族部落先后进入氏族社会晚期,音乐文化有了显著的发展。属于这个时期的龙山文化、青(蟹)龙泉三期文化、良渚文化遗址出土的原始乐器皆可为证。先民们在漫长的原始社会中创(蟹)造了原始音乐。从现存远古传说,可以看出音乐起源于劳动,并与巫术、原始舞蹈、诗歌溶为一体,为劳动实践和氏族集体的利益服务。我国古书所载“百兽率舞”与“奋五谷”等传说均说明它们与 先民们的祭祀、狩猎、畜牧、耕种生活有关。各个文化遗存地区出土有原始乐器,如陶埙、用禽兽肢骨制成的“骨笛” 、陶角、鼍鼓及陶铎等。从公元前二十世纪的夏朝起,我国历史进入奴隶社会。 关于夏文化仍在探索中。夏以后的商(约前 17前 11 世纪)和西周(约前 11 世纪前 770 年) ,已是文明灿烂的青铜文化的鼎盛时期。音乐达到了更高的水平,出现了桑林 、 濩 (h 音户) 、 裓 (ji 音节) 、 大武等乐舞,并有更多的乐器品种出现。此外还产生了多种音阶调式,创立了十二律,已经有了绝对音高、半音观念,对旋宫转调有了初步的认识,也兴办了一些音乐教育事业。 春秋战国(前 770前 221 年)是我国奴隶社会向封建社会转化和封建社会初步形成的时期。当时列国纵横,战争频繁,几百个小国逐渐归并为几个大国,为我国统一的多民族的封建国家的建立奠定了基础。这个时期,由于铁器的使用,各国农业、手工业和商业都得到了迅速的发展。各地区、各民族在经济文化方面相互交流、相互影响,也推 动了音乐文化的发展。首先在郑、卫、宋、齐、 (今河南、山东)各国,商周旧乐“雅颂”开始失去往昔至高无上的神圣地位,民间新乐“郑声”日益受到重视。 诗经所载十五国“风”和二“南” 、 “小雅” ,很多都是各地优秀的民歌或贵族的吟唱。城市中的音乐生活也很丰富,产生了不少杰出的民间歌手和器乐演奏家。以编钟为主的钟鼓乐队得到了充分的发展。南(蟹)方楚、越、滇等地的音乐文化相当发达。大诗人屈原填词、楚国女巫祀神时唱的“楚声”“九歌” ,越国裸体女巫跪唱祭祀的铜雕,滇人祭祀时敲击的铜鼓、羊角编钟,似乎使我们看到了南国艺术特有的神韵和丰采。 春秋战国时期,音乐理论空前活跃。见于曾侯钟的乐律铭文和管子地员篇 、 吕氏春秋音律的三分损益法,记述了我国最早的乐律计算方法。音乐美学方面,儒家孔丘、荀卿、公孙尼重功利、重情理;道家老聘、庄周重艺术、重精神。他们的见解,对日后中国音乐的发展育着极为深远的影响。 一、 “百兽率舞”与奋五谷 先秦典籍尚书 中记有“击石挝石,百兽率舞”的传说故事。大约在几万年以前,我们的祖先开始进入以渔猎为生的母系氏族社会。他们在劳动之余需要抒发和表达生活和劳动中的感受,用艺术的形式再现狩猎时手持武器与野兽搏斗的情景,于是产生了用于祭祀以狩猎为内容的原始歌舞音乐。所谓“击石挝石,百兽率舞” ,就是远古人们敲击着石头化装成各种野兽歌舞祭祀的生动写照。 近年在青海省大通县上孙寨出上的新石器时代舞蹈纹彩陶盆,其内壁上有五人一列,共三列舞人,环绕盆沿形成圆圈。下面有四道平行带纹,代表水面。盆中盛水以后,这些舞人好像在河边,摆动着身上装饰的兽尾,欢快地歌舞。从画面来看,舞者神态逼真,作育节奏的跳跃动作。它是我们了解原始社会歌舞的生动的形象资料。 至于敲击的石头,最早可能是原始的石制生产工具,后来逐渐演变成祭祀时伴奏歌舞的礼乐器。近年在山西夏县东下冯夏代文化遗址,发现了至今年代较早的“石磬” (图 2) 。它的斜上方,有一个悬桂用的圆孔,并有长期使
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