长难句分析与翻译十大基本功长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 第二章第二章 补足语补足语长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 第二章 补足语 补足语是英语语法中一个较复杂的语言现象，它表示了动词通过一定媒介与各词类之间的关系，如：动词与动词、动词与分词、动词与名词、动词与形容词、动词与介词、动词与副词的关系。在阅读中补足语出现的频率也很高，是阅读中难点之一。(1)宾语补足语与主语补足语。在英语中，某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，而且还要求某个词或词组来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语。有些语法书把宾语和补足语称为复合宾语。把带有宾语补足语的句子改为被动语态，则原来的宾语和宾语补足语就相应变为主语和主语补足语。例如：I ask you to answer the question(to answer the question说明宾语 you，不定式为宾语补足语。) You are asked to answer the question(to answer the question 说明主语 you，不定式为主语补足语。)(2)动词不定式作补足语。1)带 to 的动词不定式：这类动词有：advise，allow，ask，cause，compel，consider，en-able，encourage，expect，force，get，leave，order，permit，persuade，promise，request，re-quire，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，consider，believe，feel，find，image，know，say，suppose，think，report 等用于被动态。seen，appear，happen，prove 用于主动态。这类词可构成以下结构：be+-ed 牛 to be+名词be+-ed+to be+形容词be+-ed+to be+分词be+-ed+to be+介词短语2)不带 to 的动词不定式：表示视觉、听觉和感觉的动词，如：see，watch，find，observe，notice，hear，listen to，feel，此外还有 let，have，make。这种动词用于被动态时，还要带 to。上述的视觉、听觉和感觉动词，外加 smell 和 see 可用现在分词作宾语补足语。(3)名词作补足语。这类动名词有：call，name，elect，appoint，nominate，christen，crown 等， 。(4)由朋引出的名词作补足语。这类动词有：accept，classify，consider，define，describe，know，refer to，regard，state，take 等。(5)介词短语作补足语。这类动词有：get，keep，make，protect，stop，set，prevent，free，put 等。补足语在句中分析与翻译的实例1. A volt is the amount of electrical pressure required to cause a flow of 1 ampere of electricity through a conductor that has 1 ohm of resistance.使 1 安培电流通过具有 1 欧姆电阻的导体所需的电压量称为 1伏特。 (to cause through ， “使通过” 。介词短语through 。 resistance 是宾语 flow 的补足语。)2. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throad.这个领域的大多数科学工作者认为，抽烟是造成肺癌和喉癌的一个重要因素。 (to be an important factor 是主语 smoking的补足语。)3. It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.必须着重指出，电源只不过是使电流沿着电路流动的一种装置。(it 是形式主语，代替 that 引出的主语从句。不定式短语 to move 是宾语 electricity 的补足语。)4. Anyone who has seen a great locomotive pulling a long train realizes that heat can do work, for it is the heat from burning fuel that makes the locomotive run.任何人在看到巨大的火车头牵引着一长列火车时，都会认识到是热能做功，因为正是这种从燃烧的燃料中所产生的热能使火车头运动。(pulling 和 run 是 locomotive 的补足语。)5. The cost of photovoltaic electricity could drop enough to make solar cells competitive with conventional sources of electrical power by the mid-1990s.到 90 年代中期，光电电力的成本将下降到足以使太阳能电池可与一般的电源相竞争的程度(competitive power 是宾语 solar cells 的补足语。)6. The author enumerates some of the factors which make it difficult for the sociologist toconduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the physical sciences.作者列举了某些主要原因，使社会科学家难于像他的自然科学家同事那样以同样的方式进行科学实验。(difficult 是形式宾语 it的补足语，it 代替带有逻辑主体的不定式短语 for toconduct )7. We might thus define chemical changes as those that result in the formation of new sub-stances and involve changes in the composition of the substance.因而我们可以把能引起新物质的形成并能引起物质成分改变的那种变化定义为化学变化。(define sth as ， “把定义为” 。as those 为 changes 的宾语补足语。)8. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them essential for certain highly specialized uses.铀和钛这样一类材料并不大量存在，但它们具有非凡的特性，这使得它们成为某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。(essential for uses 是宾语 them 的补足语。them 代替 Materials。)9. Not only can temperature and light affect the conductivity, but also the addition of impurities to semiconductors will make it change greatly.不仅温度和光能够影响其导电性，而且半导体中加一些杂质也会使导电性发生很大变化。(change 是不带 to 的不定式作宾语 it的补足语，讧代替 the conductivity。)10. The falling of an apple to the ground set Newton wondering why it moved towards the earth, and not upwards into the sky.苹果落到地上使牛顿感到奇怪，为什么苹果向着地球运动而不飞向天空呢? (wondering sky 是宾语 Newton 的补足语。)11. Scientists probing further and further into the secrets of nature find magnetism to be important everywhere, whether it be within the extremely small nucleus of an atom or in the vast distances of the astronomical universe.在不断深入探索大自然的奥秘时，科学家们发现，不论是在微小的原子核内，还是在遥远的宇宙天体中，磁力都是十分重要的。(to be important 是宾语 magnetism 的补足语。)12. Water is considered to be of high quality and drinkable if it has no more than 500 parts minerals, or salts, per one million parts of water.如果水中所含矿物质或盐分不超过 5 0/000，那就被认为是高质量和可饮用的水。(to be of drinkable 是主语 water 的补足语。)13. Such problems have stumped researchers at Yale and other schools, as they try to get computers to perform simple language translations.当耶鲁大学和其他学校的研究人员试图让计算机作简单的语言翻译时，他们却被这类问题难住了。(get sth 。to do ， “让做” 。to perform 是 computers 的宾语补足语。)14. We can see that, though we must keep as much dust as we can out of our houses, yet dust has a very important part to play in the work of nature.我们可以看到，虽然我们的住房必须尽可能地防止灰尘，然而灰尘在自然界却起着非常重要的作用。(out of houses 是 dust的补足语。)15. Using the same idea - having a computer guide the laser beam s path - makes it possible to create a new generation of machine tools for the industries and factories of the futur