南京惟越教育中学(初高)课外辅导中心 God helps those who help themselves. 专题六专题六 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态 什么是时？ 什么是体？ 什么是时态？ 什么是语态？ 一 动词时态概述 现在现在 过去过去 将来将来 过去将来过去将来 一般一般 一般现在时 be, do 一般过去时 was, did 一般将来时 Will do 进行进行 现在进行时 Be doing 过去进行时 Was doing 将来进行时 Will be doing 完成完成 现在完成时 Have done 过去完成时 Had done 将来完成时 Will have done 完成进行完成进行 现在完成进行时 Have been doing 二动词时态的基本用法 （一） 一般体一般体：一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时分别表示现在、过去和将来的习惯性动作和状态。 1 一般现在时 (1) 习惯性、经常性动作或状态 we have meals three times a day I live in Sichuan (2) 表客观真理、科学事实 The sun rises in the east (3) 用于 here, there 开头的倒装句表正在发生的动作或存在的状态 Here comes the bus (4) 在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： Well go to the park if it doesnt rain tomorrow Please tell him about it as soon as he comes back 2 一般过去时 (1) Want,wonder, hope, think, intend 等动词用过去往往表示“过去想要、想知道、希望、以为、打算，暗示现在已不再这样。如： I thought he was an honest man 原以为. （2）一般过去时常用于固定句式中。如： It is time that sb did sth 是某人该干什么的时候了 Its time that we studied harder. 第 1 页，共 7 页南京惟越教育中学(初高)课外辅导中心 God helps those who help themselves. Would rather( that )sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事 Id rather he came tomorrow. If only sb did sth 要是.就好了 If only I were a bird! -Ann is in hospital -Oh, really? I_know. I _go and visit her 第一空 didnt 表之前不知道， 第二空 will 3. 一般将来时 (1) Will/shall +动词原形 Fish will die without water. Ill go and visit him right now. (2) Be going to +动词原形表示计划打算要做某事。如：. He is going to speak on TV this evening. was going to 还可表示过去本打算做某事，但未做。如： - Tom，you didnt come to the party last night. -I was going to, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. （3）Be about to +动词原形表示立即的将来。因此该结构不与表示将来的具体时间连用 The train is about to start （二）进行体（二）进行体 1 进行体表示某一时刻或阶段正在进行或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完性特点 2 表示计划安排要做的事 I ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. Im taking my mum. 3 表示某阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此刻不一定在进行，常与 these days, this week 连用 we are making model planes these days. 4 表示反复出现的或习惯性动作 往往含赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪.常与 always，all the time，constantly 等连用 He is always thinking of others first 他总是先想到他人 5 瞬间动词的进行体可表示将来.如: come, go, begin, arrive, start 等 Im leaving for Beijing next month 下个月我计划去北京 6 有些动词不用于进行时态，常见的有: 感觉类（look sound smell feel taste see hear 等） The soup tastes good 第 2 页，共 7 页南京惟越教育中学(初高)课外辅导中心 God helps those who help themselves. 情感类（like love prefer admire hate fear） I love my mom and dad 心态类（wish hope want need believe think understand agree know 等） I dont believe my eyes. 表示存在状态的词（appear, lie 位于, belong, remain，have） It lies in the mountain. （三（三) 完成体完成体 1 现在完成时 (1) 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在(也许还将持续下去) In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown He has been busy writing a book recently (2) 表示已经发生在过去的事情对现在的影响 He has turned off the light I have already seen the film (3) This/it is the first/second.time+that 从句。that 从句的谓语用现在完成时。如： This is the first time (that) I have come here. This/it was the first/second.time+that 从句。that 从句的谓语用过去完成时。如： This was the first (that )I had passed the exam. (4) 瞬间动词可用于完成时态 但不可接表示一段时间的状语 He has come to Beijing since last year (错) 来这个动作不可能持续一年,只能说他呆了一年.如: He lived in Beijing since last year 2 过去完成时 (1)一件事发生在过去,而另一件事先于它发生。另外这一件事就要用过去完成时。 表示从过去某一段时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一段时间的动作（在时间轴上表示） -过去-现在-将来- He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. She had learned some English before she came to USA 第 3 页，共 7 页南京惟越教育中学(初高)课外辅导中心 God helps those who help themselves. By then he had learned English for 3 years. 注意：过去完成时句子里一定有表示过去的成分 （2）Hardly/scarcely/rarely had .donewhen; no sooner had.done than 这几个句型 when 和 than 从句里一般用过去时，主句用过去完成时，且倒装。表示 “刚.就.” Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down. No sooner had we started than the car got a flat tyre 轮胎漏气 (3) It was/had been +一段时间+since 从句。 Since 从句谓语用过去完成时 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. (4) 表示愿望、打算一类的词，用过去完成时表示过去未能如愿。意为“本打算” I had hoped to see more of Shanghai Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they_ from china. A receive B are receiving C have received D had received 3 将来完成时 表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成 常用 by+将来某个时间.如： By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students. （四）四） 完成进行体完成进行体 从过去开始某一动作，现在仍在继续 It has been raining for 3 days.（还将继续） 1. - I heard you_in a pub. Whats it like? -well, its very hard work and im always tired. A are working B will work C were working D will be working 2. Look at the pride on toms face. He _to have been praised by the manager just now A seemed B seems C had seemed D is seeming 3. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you _fresh watermelon in the fall A eat B would eat C have eaten D will be eating 4. My parents have promised to come to see me before i _for Africa. A have left B leave C left D will leave 5. If the weat