虚拟语气以及假设意义表示法综述 - 李老师笔记1虚拟式以及假设意义表示法综述一、 虚拟式虚拟式是一种专门表达假设意义和非事实意义的动词形式。它有两种形式，即 be-型虚拟式和 were-型虚拟式。 were-型虚拟式 (与事实相反（non-fact）)were-型虚拟式只有一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，be 动词一律用 were，如 I were，you were， she were，he were。主要用于以下句型：1用于 If，if only， as if，as though ，though 引导的句子中，表与事实相反（ non-fact）If I were a bird, I would fly to you.He talks as if he were the boss.2出现在 Wish，would rather（宁愿） ， suppose（假设） ， imagine（设想）之后,表与事实相反（non-fact）I wish I were tall.Id rather I were not here.Suppose the earth were flat. be-型虚拟式be-型虚拟式中动词不论人称，均用原形；此种虚拟式不一定与事实相反 。主要用于以下几种情况：1 用于 if，though 等引导的句子中Eg. If the rumor be true, everything is possible. （如果这个谣言是真的，那么任何事都有可能。 ）Though everyone desert (抛弃 ) you, I will not. （即使大家都抛弃你，我也不会）注：此种句子和 were 型虚拟式不同，were 型均为 non-fact(非事实) ，而此种表假设，并非明显的与事实相反。2 用于公式化的句子中Long live Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!Devil take him! (混蛋！)3用于命令，决定，建议等词语之后 注：此种虚拟式和一般意义上的虚拟不同，它并非 non-fact, 也没有假设意思，而更多带有较正式的命令、建议语气。a. 用于动词后He ordered that all the work be finished.She insisted that she go there herself.The chairman decided that the factory be closed.b. 用于形容词后It is necessary that he come here before 9am.It is important that she finish the work today.其他形容词如： advisable， appropriate ，impossible 等虚拟语气以及假设意义表示法综述 - 李老师笔记2c. 用于名词后We were faced with the decision that the meeting be canceled.His order that the army be sent at once was carried out.二、假设意义表示法综述1. 用动词的过去式表示假设意义常见于以下结构：a. It is time (time)It is time we went to bed.Youve been working too hard. Its time you took a rest.It is time we had dinner.It is about time you made up your mind.It is high time you lent her a hand.It is high time we left this place.b. I would rather/sooner (that) you/he/theyIm told they are going by bus, but I would rather they went by train.She will get home at dinner time, but I would rather she got home a little earlier.Im sure he is keeping something back. Id rather he told me the truth.He didnt attend the meeting. I would rather he had been present.She got drunk last night. Id rather she hadnt drunk so much.They offered me this expensive wine, but frankly Id rather they had offered me some beer.c. If onlyIf only I knew her address.If only I had enough money with me.If only I could swim.If only I had gone by taxi.If only he had remembered to buy some fruit.If only she had listened to my advice.d. as if/ as thoughHe behaves as if he owned this place.He ordered me as if he were my boss.We remembered the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday.They are staring at me as if I was/were crazy.She looked as if she had had some bad news.在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去形式It looks as if it is going to rain.The fish smells as if it has gone bad.The apple tastes as if it is sour.e. I wish (that)表示与现在事实或者过去事实相反的主观愿望：虚拟语气以及假设意义表示法综述 - 李老师笔记3I wish (that) I didnt have to go to work today.I wish (that) I was/were a bit taller.I wish you were coming with me, Peter.I wish I hadnt said that.I wish I had brought a map with me.She wishes shed never got involved in the whole affair.I wish the sun was shining at this moment.I wish I hadnt eaten so much last night.如果表示对将来事态的主观愿望，通常用某些情态助动词的过去时形式,此种结构便接近于客气的请求或委婉的劝告，eg：I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places.I wish you would listen to your teachers advice.I wish I could do something for you in return. Compare: I wish & I hopewish hope相同点： wish to do sth hope to do sthwish + Oo(双宾语), eg: I wish you a merry Christmas!Hope 不可以接双宾语不同点： I wish (that) 后可用虚拟语气 I hope (that) 只可以用陈述语气; 随后的动词除非表示婉转口气外，很少用过去时：I hope you are ready.We hope you will be happy.2用情态助动词过去时形式表示假设意义a. 条件句If I were you, I would not miss this opportunity.If he were here, I would explain to him myself.If I knew her address, I would have written to her.If it had not been for me , you would not be free now.If he hadnt missed the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.If he had brought a map with him, he wouldnt have got lost.注：条件状语从句用 were 型或动词过去形式，主句采用情态动词的过去形式，表示与事实相反的假设。b. 含蓄条件句But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything.In different circumstances, I might have agreed. (如果在别的情况下，我或许已经同意了)The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.Born in better times, he would have made more contributions to the country.Anyone who should violate the law would be punished.注：含蓄条件即不包含 if, unless, as long as 等引导条件状从的连词，但表示假设意义，可换成明显的条件状从。c. 用于其他语境That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.虚拟语气以及假设意义表示法综述 - 李老师笔记4That I should see a college student arrested for stealing!Would that the flood might never come again!To think that he would marry such a nasty woman!To think that he should have deserted his wife and children!Who would have thought that things should come to such a tragic end!Who would have thought the man living next door should be a hidden terrorist!The door was pushed open; who should come in but the woman they were talking about.He stepped into a cave and what should he see but a tigress with her baby tigers.注：此种句型中 should 表示一种惊讶的语气，并非与事实相反。注：此