第二章 微波遥感系统2.4 空间微波遥感系统- 2.4.1 星载 2.4.2 空载 2.4.3 机载第四节 空间微波遥感系统n2.4.1 星载微波遥感系统星载微波遥感系统n1，SEASAT-An2，ERS-1/2 SARn3，JERS-1/PAL SARn4，ENVISAT-1 ASARn5，RADARSAT-1/2 SAR ASARn6，COSMO SKY Med/TERRA SAR-Xn7，Lacrosse (+ Rasat-1, Sentinel-1)（1） Seasat-1 n美国于1978年发 射SEASAT海洋卫 星，它是第一个装 载侧视雷达的民用 雷达卫星。雷达高度计红外辐射计多通道微波辐射计激光反光镜nOperating at a high depression angle (67 to 73) to optimize wave detection, the L-band radar on Seasat (with its 25-m resolution) provided some exceptional images of ocean waves. Here is an enlarged image of the North Sea to illustrate this (the image requires careful inspection to see the faint but widespread wave crests) nTemperature variations are major factors in the development, strength, and directional behavior of moving atmospheric gases (winds). Their prevailing motions change over time, but tend to follow certain preferred paths in various parts of the world. nWind directions are determined indirectly by relating them to the patterns of waves they produce, especially in the open seas. Data from the scatterometer on Seasat helped to generalize wind patterns over the Pacific Ocean, shown in this image: nMap of the worlds oceans floor as acquired by the Seasat satellite. nThe mid-Atlantic ridge runs down the middle of the ocean floor separating Africa from North and South America. As shown here, a succession of great ridges runs through all of the worlds ocean floors, although not always in the middle. (Courtesy of William F. Haxby, Lamont-Doherty Geophysical Observatory, Columbia University.) 发射时间 1978 轨道高度 795km 轨道倾角 108deg. 波长23.5cm 极化HH 俯角67.5+3 辐照带宽 100km 方位分辨 25m 距离分辨 25m（2） ERS-1/2 SARnThe image on the left is a terrain corrected ERS-1/2 C-band SAR mosaic of the Bering, Malaspina Glacier systems and the glaciers of Icy Bay, south-central Alaska. The SAR images were acquired in the summer of 1995. nThe colors as seen correspond closely to C-band SAR glacier fancies. Dark orange is the glacier ice facies and blue colors are the wet snow / firm facies. 精密测速测距仪 Along Track Scanning Radiometer，ATSRn各种卫星获得 的信息Meteorological satellites are effective at placing Mt. Etna into context.The ATRS (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) can provide different aspects of a ground scene. Here the island of Sicily is dark but the plume from Etna has been colored yellow. We will now use the MODIS sensor on Terra to do a time sequence study of the changes .Here is the interference ring pattern that was determined from ERS-1 data acquired in 1995. Interferogram of Hector Mine 7.1 M Earthquake. One fringe corresponds to 28 mm of ground displacement away format he radar. Synthetic Aperture Radar data are from the European Space Agency Satellite ERS-2 satellite. Data were acquired at Scripps Institution of Oceanography/IGPP on 20 October. Real-Time Orbits were provided by Delft University and the ground station was built by SeaSpace Co. and SIO. 参数ERS-1ERS-2 发射时间19911995 轨道高度720km720km轨道倾角98deg.98波长5.7cm5.7极化HHHH俯角67.5deg.67.5辐照带宽100km100km方位分辨30m30距离分辨28m28（3） JERS-1/ALOS PAL SARnWater level changes (dh/dt) measured via interferometric synthetic aperture radar from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1). The spatial patterns of the images have led to new insights concerning the Amazon (A) and Congo (B) floodplains. The Amazon floodplain is highly interconnected by channels, resulting in complex flow patterns. In contrast, flow patterns in the Congo are less governed by channel connectivity and flooded areas lack well- defined boundaries. Horizontal displacement for Novaya Zemlya 新地岛from ALOS PALSAR offset tracking between images of December 6, 2006 and January 21, 2007 (Fig.1) and JERS-1 SAR offset tracking between images of January 28 and March 13, 1998 (Fig. 2). 1961-10-26, A602ENJERS-1ALOS PALSAR 发射时间19922007 轨道高度568km568km轨道倾角97.997.9波长23.5cm23.5cm极化HHHH,VV,HV,VH俯角55deg.入射角8-60deg.辐照带宽40-70km40-350km方位分辨307-100距离分辨307-100（4）ENVISAT ASARnThis radar Envisat image features Russias Volga Delta and the Caspian Sea. The Volga River (dark) rises northwest of Moscow and extends southward some 3700 km through the whole central part of the country where it pours into the Caspian, forming a delta of about 800 smaller waterways. nhttp:/earth.eo.esa.int/cgi- bin/satimgsql.pl?show_url=2075 darker green areas are generally cultivated regions. A race track like structure is apparent at top left. The Riviere des Milles Illes and the Riviere des Prairies (left and right, respectively), join to form a U-shaped waterway at the center of the image. The large elliptical green-centered feature west of the St. Lawrence is Mt. Royal. St. lawrence RiverSIR-CnOn the morning of September 19, 1994, two volcanic cones on the opposite sides of the 3.8 mile (6 km) Rabaul caldera begun erupting with little warning. The Space Shuttle Discovery flew just east of the eruption roughly 24 hours after it started and near the peak of its activity. New Ireland, th