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英语语法(动词不定式)定义:动词不定式是一种非限制动词形式,即非谓语动词。非限定动词是指不能单独在句中充当谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包括:动词不定式,-ing 分词和-ed 分词。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago To see is to believe.2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由 it 作形式主语,而将不定式放到后面。如:1.It made him happy to get 100yuan by his own effort.2. Its+adj. for sb to do.和 Its adj. of sb to do.1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等:例如:Its very h ard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2)of sb 句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite ,kind, naughty,nice,silly ,stupid 。例如:Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。用 for 还是用 of 的另一种辨别方法:用介词 for 或 of 后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语 ,造个句子。如果通顺用 of,不通则用 for。例如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用 of) 。He is hard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用 for。 )2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带 to 的不定式, 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带 to的不定式。及物动词+带 to 的不定式结构 :只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe,claim,decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake,want, wish 等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me the way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代( 副)词+不定式:这类动词常见的有 advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard 总结, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder 等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what, when, where, which, how, whether 等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时,不定式可由 it 代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达:动词 (如 find, think,consider,feel 等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.3)不定式做表语不定式可放在 be 动词后面,形成表语。例如:1.To see is to believe.另一种情况为主语是以 aim,duty ,hope, idea,job, plan,problem, purpose,thing,wish 等名词为中心的短语,或以 what 引导的名词性从句,不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用:;例如:1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型:第一种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如:1.There was really nothing to fear 2.He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就得加相应的介词。例如:1.Mary needs a friend to play with2.That girl has nothing to worry about3.They have a strict teacher to listen to4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on第二种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语;例如:1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct第三种,被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、能力、意向等意义的名词:ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish 等。例如:1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her2.I have no wish to quarrel with you3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语1)目的状语常用结构为 to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to d o,so(such) as to(如此以便) 。例如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现 箱子不见了。He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。3)表原因Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。4)表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 不带 to 的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带 to,但在有些搭配中不带 to,在另一些搭配中可带 to 可不带 to。归纳起来,以下情况下使用不带 to 不定式:1) 在 cancould, maymight,willwould,shall should,must, need,dare 等情态动词之后,动词不定式不带 to。2)在感官动词,如 see,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe 等后,或使役动词,如have,let ,make 等后,动词不定式不带 to。例如:1.I often heard him say that he would study hard2.I must have him see his own mistakes但是,当这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带 to 不定式一般转换为带 to 不定式。例如:1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard3)在动词 help 之后可用不带 to 的不定式,也可用带 to 的不定式。例如:1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在 had better,would rather,maymight as well 最好还是,不妨,rather than,can not but 不得不,等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带 to。例如: 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out,I would rather not stay at home tonight2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5)在介词 but,except 之后,如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式,其后不定式一般不带 to,反之则必须带 to,表示“不得不,只能 ”。例如:1.He will do anything except work on the farm2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender3.The spy was both hungry and cold;there was nothing left for him but to give in4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining下面一些短语是固定搭配,不带 to:can not help but,can not choose but ,can not but,do nothing but,have nothing to do but。例如:I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有 do,to 省略:I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配,就带 to:I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在 why 或 why not 之后的动词不定式总是不带 to。但是,紧跟在 who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带
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