P7 1. TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese peoples experience in their struggle against diseases. 2. TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system. 3. TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases. 4.Huangdis Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. 5. Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Huangdis Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore. 6. Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China. 7. Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient. 8. Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases. 9. Compendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world. 10. Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts. 11. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools. 12. Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out aphoresis, emesis and purgation. 13. Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and that these diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature. 14. Li Gao, entitled with the School of Reinforcing the Earth, emphasized on warming and invigorating the spleen and sto mach. 15. Zhu Danxi advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases, so he was entitled as the School of Nourishing Yin. 16. Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases. 17. The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer. 18. Wang Qingren corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation. 19. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. 20. Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine.P171. The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. 2. TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole. 3. The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology. 4. The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases. 5. Changes in the natural world directly or indirectly influence the human body. 6. Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter. 7. The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine. 8. TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human beings. 9. According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and influencing each other. 10. Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night. 11. Regional and climatic differences, to some extent, influence the physiological activities of the human body. 12. Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a disease. 13. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases. 14. Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi. 15. Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases. 16. Clinical doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes. 17. Syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of a disease. 18. Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis. 19.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi. 20.The treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the difference or similarity of diseases, but on the differ