Environmental ChemistryProf. Dr. Jun YaoSchool of Environmental Studies, China University of GeosciencesContact informationInstructor: Prof. Dr. Jun Yao Tel: 67883036(O) E-mail: junyaocug.edu.cn Office: room 909 in Main Buildingam and pm, or by appointment.What is the course about?nThis course is about environmental issues and the chemistry behind them. nIt aims to apply knowledge of chemistry to understand environmental issues. nThe goal is to provide you the knowledge of how to do a chemists share in improving environmental quality. TextbookEnvironmental Chemistry, Stanley E. Manahan, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, 1994 and 2000.Chemistry of the Environment Thomas G. Spiro and William M. Stigliani Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 2003.Reference books on reserve-shelfEnvironmental Chemistry, Yianxin Wang China University of Geosciences1994Many Chinese books on Environmental ChemistryGradingnHomework 1: 40% (Environmental Chemistry in one of the spheres) nHomework 2: 20% (Disquisition,or theses)nExam: 40%For more informationnwww.EnvironmentalChemistry.comnwww.epa.govnhttp:/pubs.acs.org/cenWhat is environmental chemistry?“What is environmental chemistry? This question is a little difficult to answer because environmental Chemistry encompasses many different topics. It may involve a study of Freon reactions in the stratosphere or an analysis of toxic deposits in ocean sediments. It also covers the chemistry and biochemistry of volatile and soluble organometallic compounds biosynthesized by anaerobic bacteria. Environmental chemistry is the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in water, soil, and air environments.“ What does an environmental chemist do?Environmental ChemistPrevent Environmental deteriorationEnvironmental Clean-upEnvironmental ResearchEnvironmental RegulationEnvironmental Measurement & Monitoring退化The Environmental Industry in the U.S. in 1995SectorAmountPercent Engineering & Consulting$12.5 billion10.2% Environmental Chem. Labs$1.5 billion1.2% Remediation$11 billion8.9% Solid waste landfills & transport$33 billion26.8% Incineration (waste to energy)$2 billion1.6% Recycling$11 billion8.9% Water supply & treatment$30 billion24.4% Air quality$6 billion4.9% Equipment/New technology$11 billion8.9% Asbestos removal$2 billion1.6% Medical wastes$1 billion0.8% Underground storage$2 billion1.6% Total for environmental Industry$123 billion100%The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995“for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone”Paul J CruzenMario J MolinaF. Sherwood RowlandPress Release: The 1995 Nobel Prize in ChemistryKUNGL. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES11 October 1995“Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland have all made pioneering contributions to explaining how ozone is formed and decomposes through chemical processes in the atmosphere. Most importantly, they have in this way showed how sensitive the ozone layer is to the influence of anthropogenic emissions of certain compounds. The thin ozone layer has proved to be an Achilles heel that may be seriously injured by apparently moderate changes in the composition of the atmosphere. ”NOTE: Achilles heel: A seemingly small but mortal weakness. From Achilles being vulnerable only in the heel.By explaining the chemical mechanisms that affect the thickness of the ozone layer, the three researchers have contributed to our salvation from a global environmental problem that could have catastrophic consequences.”Press Release: The 1995 Nobel Prize in ChemistryKUNGL. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES11 October 1995(Continued)灾难性结果How this knowledge evolves?Ozone formation: Chapman TheoryO2+ uv-light - 2 OO+O2+M - O3+M Where M is a random air molecule (O2 or N2)Chapman theory describes how sunlight converts the various forms of oxygen from one to another, explains why the highest content of ozone occur in the layer between 15 and 50 km, termed the ozone layer The Chapman theory, however, overestimates the ozone contents. Thus, there must be other chemical reactions contributing to the reduction of the ozone content. In 1970, Paul Crutzen showed that the nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 react catalytically (without themselves being consumed) with ozone, thus accelerating the rate of reduction of the ozone content.NO + O3 - NO2 + O2NO2+O - NO+O2O3+uv-light - O2+O_Net result: 2O3 - 3O2 NON2OMicroorganismTwo important chemistry contributions leading to the discovery of the link between freons and ozone depletionnJames Lovelock (England) had developed a highly sensitive device of measuring extremely low organic gas contents in the atmosphere, the electron capture detector. Using this he could now demonstrate that the exclusively man-made, chemically inert, CFC gases had already spread globally throughout the atmosphe