宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing. 消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing. 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government. 政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。Net export is spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners (exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports) 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。Nominal GDP is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. 名义 GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. 实际 GDP：按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. GDP 平减指数：用名义GDP 与实际 GDP 的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。第十六章MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING生活费用的衡量CPI is measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. 消费物价指数CPI： 一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于某个基年同样一篮子产品与服务的价格。Inflation rate is the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period. 通货膨胀率：前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。Producer price index (PPI) is a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms. 生产物价指数：企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。Indexation：the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contract. 根据法律或合约对通货膨胀的影响进行货币数量的自动调整。Nominal interest rate is the interest rate as usually reported without a correction of the effects of inflation. 名义利率：通常公布的，未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率。Real interest rate is the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation. 真实利率：根据通货膨胀校正过的利率。第十七章PRODUCTION AND GROWTH生产与增长Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker s time. 生产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和劳务的数量。Physical capital is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. 物资资本：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物存量。Human capital is the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. 人力资本：工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。Natural resources are the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature. 自然资源：由自然界提供的用于生产物品与劳务的投入，如土地、河流与矿藏。Technological knowledge is society s understanding of the bes ways to produce goods and services. 技术知识：社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。Diminishing returns are the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. 收益递减：随着投入量的增加，每一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。Catch-up effect is the property whereby continues that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich. 追赶效应：开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快。第十八章SAVING,INVESTMENT,AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM储蓄、投资和金融体系Financial system is the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person s saving with another person s investment. 金融体系：经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。Financial markets are financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers. 金融市场：储蓄者可以通过它直接向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Bond is a certificate of indebtedness 债券：一种债务证明书。Stock is a claim to partial ownership in a firm 股票：企业部分所有权的索取权。Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers. 金融中介机构：储蓄者可以通过它间接地向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portion of stocks and bonds. 共同基金：向公众出售股份，并用收入来购买股票于债券资产组合的机构。National saving (saving) is the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchase. 国民储蓄（储蓄） ：在用于消费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的收入。Private saving is the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption. 私人储蓄：家庭在支付了税收和消费之后剩下来的收入。Public saving is the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending. 公共储蓄：政府在支付其支出后剩下的税收收入。Budget surplus is an excess of tax revenue over government spending. 预算盈余：税收收入大于政府支出的余额。Budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending 预算赤字：政府支出引起的税收收入短缺。Market for loanable funds are the market in which those who want to save supply funds those who want to borrow to invest demand funds. 可贷资金市场：想储蓄的人借以提供资金、想借钱投资的人借以借贷资金的市场。Crowding out is a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing. 挤出：政府借款所引起的投资减少。第十九章THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE基本金融工具Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk. 金