State of the Worlds ForestsEnhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forests20142014State of the Worlds ForestsEnhancing the socioeconomic benefits from forestsiiiContentsForeword viiAcknowledgements viiiAcronyms and abbreviations ixExecutive summary xiKey findings xiiiKey messages xiv1. Introduction 12. The measurement of socioeconomic benefits 5Key message 6The definition of socioeconomic benefits 6Current measures of the socioeconomic benefits from forests 7A proposed definition of the socioeconomic benefits from forests 143. The multiple benefits provided by forests 17Key findings 18Income from forestry and forest-related activities 20The numbers of people benefiting from income generation 25Consumption benefits 29The importance of forest benefits for specific groups 404. Policy measures to enhance forest-related benefits 47Key messages 48Securing and sustaining forests benefits 49Encouraging the provision of goods and services contributing to poverty reduction and the development of rural communities 50Improving access to forest resources and markets to support livelihoods and income diversification 54Creating enabling environments to encourage investment and related involvement of local and indigenous communities 59Encouraging voluntary instruments as a means of developing and promoting forest products from sustainably managed forests and improving market transparency 63Promoting efficient production and processing of forest products, and related waste reduction and recycling 65iv Promoting fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of traditional forest-related knowledge and practices 67Recognizing the range of values derived from forest-related goods and services and reflecting them in the marketplace 695. Strengthening the links between policies and benefits 75Key findings and messages 76Summary of the main socioeconomic benefits from forests 77Summary of the main policy developments since 2007 81Opportunities to enhance the socioeconomic benefits from forests 83References 89Annexes 93Annex 1. Data sources used to assess the socioeconomic benefits from forests 93Annex 2. Contribution of the formal forest sector to employment and GDP, 2011 100Annex 3. Indicators of the socioeconomic benefits from forests, 2011 108Annex 4. Data sources used to obtain information on countries policy measures to enhance forest-related benefits 116FiguresFigure 1: Hierarchy of needs that may be satisfied by the consumption of forest goods and services 15Figure 2: Contribution of the forest sector to GDP in 2011 21Figure 3: Income generated in the forest sector across the global population in 2011 21Figure 4: Contribution of the forest sector to employment in 2011 26Figure 5: Contribution of wood energy to TPES in 2011 33Figure 6: Contribution of wood energy to TPES across the global population in 2011 33Figure 7: Proportion of households using woodfuel for cooking in 2011 35Figure 8: Proportion of households where forest products are the main material used in house construction in 2011 36Figure 9: Relationship between the contribution of the forest sector to GDP and per capita GDP in 2011 41Figure 10: Relationship between the proportion of households cooking with wood in a country and per capita GDP in 2011 43vBoxesBox 1: How many people live in or near forests? 12Box 2: The impact of PES on forestry income 22Box 3: Estimated impacts on human health of cooking with woodfuel in 2011 39Box 4: Burkina Faso enhancing socioeconomic benefits from NWFPs 51Box 5: Specific poverty reduction measures in national forest policies Nepal 52Box 6: Public forest programmes creating jobs the US Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program 53Box 7: Forest land allocation in Viet Nam 55Box 8: Amending forest concessions Brazil 56Box 9: China Forest Tenure Trade Centres and Forest Farmer Cooperatives 58Box 10: Promoting more efficient energy markets: charcoal producer associations in Kenya 58Box 11: Guyana log-tracking system 64Box 12: Recognizing rights of indigenous peoples and their cultural and spiritual values Peru and Ecuador 69Box 13: Forest tourism as an economic pillar China 70Box 14: Costa Rica natural capital accounting 71TablesTable 1: Information currently collected regularly on the socioeconomic benefits from forests 9Table 2: The linkages between the production and consumption of forests goods and services and fulfilment of human needs 16Table 3: Summary of available information on the socioeconomic benefits from forests 19Table 4: Value added in the forest sector and contribution to GDP in 2011, by region and sub-sector 20Table 5: Estimated income from the informal production of woodfuel and forest products used for house construction in 2011 23Table 6: Estimated income from the informal production of NWFPs in 2011 23Table 7: Total employment and average proportion of the workforce employed in the forest sector in 2011, by region and sub-sector 25Table 8: Estimat