第二讲 语言之结构与功能 语言之结构层次：语音、词汇、句子、语篇 音素（phoneme)，语言之最小单位。区分音素之 标准，最小区别（minimum difference)标准。 Sip/sib bit/bid fit/fat big/bag 词汇，也包含习语、成语。词汇可进行两种意义 区分。 形式区分，区分词类。 语意区分，对词汇进行归类。例如： Entities(实体类): man, child, house, tree Activities(活动类): eat, think, work, walk Characteristics(特征类): good, bad, swift, possible, true, beautiful Relations(关系类): in, through, during, because 区分性特征分析(distinctive features analysis) Vowlconsonantvoicefrontal/t/: - + - +human adult male female Man + + + - Woman + + - + Boy + - + - Girl + - - + 句法关系分两大类： 横组合关系（ syntagmatic relations）与纵聚合关系（paradigmatic relations 横组合关系： The old man hobbled into the store. 纵聚合关系： The boyranout Achildwalkedin Thismanrodethrough Thatballrolled around Roman Jakobson提出言语交际六要素： Addresser(说者）listener(听者) message(讯息)context(背景) code(符码)contact(接触) Jakobson提出语言之六功能： 1. Referential /informative function Today is a bright day. There is a computer on the desk. A dog is chasing a cat. 2. Expressive functionMy luve is like a red, red rose.3. Conative/vocative function Drink!/Eat!/Stand up! A: Shall we go out for a walk? B: The ground is already wet. 今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。 然而侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者， 盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣 听，以光先帝之遗志，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自 菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。 前出师表 4. Phatic functionHello, do you hear me?Are you listening?Lend me your ears.5. Meta-linguistic function I dont follow you. What do you mean by that? Do you know what I mean? 6. Aesthetic/poetic function 定义： The set toward the MESSAGE as such, focus on the message for its own sake, is the poetic function of language. The set 主趋向 The dominant 主因 Twas brilling, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were bororoves And the mome raths outgrabe Beware the Jabberwock, my son The jaws that bite, and the claws that catch Beware the jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bander snatch from Through the Looking Glass 野望杜甫 西山白雪三城戍南浦清江万里桥 海内风尘诸弟隔天涯涕泪一声遥 惟将迟暮共多病未有涓埃答圣朝 跨马出郊时极目不堪人事日萧条 Tiger! Tiger! Burning bright In the forest of the night William Blake星罗棋布 Scattered all over like stars in the sky or men on a chessboard水落石出 When the water subsides the rocks emerge