专业专业专业专业 权威权威权威权威 高效高效高效高效 分享分享分享分享www.5haoxue.ne t好学网400-0919-456名师推荐文章，六级考前必读！名师推荐文章，六级考前必读！1 1、ArchaeologyArchaeologyArchaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline.Archaeologicaldataarehistoricaldocumentsintheirownright,notmereillustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologiststudies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world inwhich we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age andsocial environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material worldresulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of humanbehavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeologicalrecord. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequencesof which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history andthe more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrationsin the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of greathistorical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological recordsunless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movementof troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history,“ but this is equallyephemeral from the archaeologists standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organicmaterials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair,and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, saveunder very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeologicalrecord is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Stillmodern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods,aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fillup a good deal of the gap.考古学考古学专业专业专业专业 权威权威权威权威 高效高效高效高效 分享分享分享分享www.5haoxue.ne t好学网400-0919-456考古学是历史学的一个来源， 而不是地位卑微的辅助学科。 考古学资料本身也是一种历史文献，而不仅仅是文字资料的例证。 正象任何一位历史学家那样，考古学家研究调查并尽力去重构一个过程。 这个过程创造了我们生活的人类世界，也创造了我们自身，因为我们都是我们所处的时代和社会环境的产物。 考古学的资料就是人类行为所造成的物质变化。 更简洁地说，是石化了的人类行为。 这些变化的总和构成了我们所说的考古学记录。 这些记录自有其独特和不足之处，因而导致人们对考古历史和更熟悉的文字记载历史进行相当肤浅的对比。并不是所有的人类行为都留下化石。 我说的话，你通过空气振动听见，这当然是人类造成的物质变化，也可能有重大的历史意义，但这些话在考古学中未留下丝毫痕迹，除非有人用录音机录下来或文书把这些话写了下来。 战场上军队的行动可能“改变历史的进程“，但从考古学的观点来看，这同样是难以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多数有机物质会腐烂。 任何由木头、生皮、绒线、亚麻、草、毛发以及相似物质做成的东西除非在一些非常特殊的条件下，几年或几个世纪以后，会在尘土中腐烂并消失。 在短时期内，能留下考古记录的东西也都会退化为石头、骨头、玻璃、金属和陶器的碎片。 然而，现代考古学通过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，在从泥炭、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。 好学网（www.5haoxue.net)2、SkyscrapersSkyscrapersSkyscrapersSkyscrapersandandandand EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentIn the late 1960s, many people in North America turned their attention toenvironmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdenspublic transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In onerecent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space inNew York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts -enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typicalmasonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating andair-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed专业专业专业专业 权威权威权威权威 高效高效高效高效 分享分享分享分享www.5haoxue.ne t好学网400-0919-456panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films thatreduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise thetemperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a citys sanitation facilities, too. If fullyoccupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year - as much as a city the size of Stanford,Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109, 000.摩天大楼与环境摩天大楼与环境60 年代后期，许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题，那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到了广泛的批评。 生态学家指出， 城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担。摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。 最近的某一年，纽约市摩天写字楼 1，700 万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了 120，000 千瓦。 这些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。 玻璃表面的摩天大楼特别地浪费。 通过半英寸的平板玻璃墙壁损失(或增加)的热量是典型的加入绝缘板的石墙所允许的热量损失(或增加)的十倍以上。 为了减轻取暖设备或空调设备的压力， 摩天大楼的建造者们已经开始使用双面上釉的玻璃镶板和涂上了金色或银色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，来减少强光照射和热量的增加；但是，镜面的摩天大楼会提高周围空气的温度并会对附近的建筑物产生影响。摩天大楼也对城市的卫生设施造成了沉重的压力。 单单纽约市的二个世界贸易中心大楼如果完全被占满的话， 每年就会产生 2，250，000 加仑的污水。 这相当于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市这样大的城市一年所产生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市拥有 109，000 人口。3 3 3 3、MuseumsMuseumsMuseumsMuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums areeither planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. Theseprograms already have radic