Session 1 Culture, Communication, Intercultural Communication Importance of Intercultural CommunicationwWhy did you choose this course? Chances for IC are caused by globalization -Spurring development of transportation and communication systems (shortened touring time, television networks, the internet, international film industry) -Cultural migration between nations (multiculturalism) -New economic arena (multinational corporations) -Ever-increasing world population (finite natural resources, pollution, international conflicts)Warming upwMake a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures. wWhich image do you prefer? Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world? 茶文化酒文化儒家文化旗袍Learning objectives :1. Culture 2. Communication3. Intercultural CommunicationLecture OutlinedefinitionIntercultural communicationculturecharacteristicscommunicationfunctionsdefinitionelementsmodecharacteristicsdefinitionformselementsright attitudes1. What is culture?More deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are followingthem On the surface: customs and behavior In a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywhereSir Edward Tylors definition in 1871 (first use of this term):“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”wKroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) - Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions(listing more than 300 definitions)w Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.wPorter it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Characteristics of communication2) Communication is interactivewA interactive view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations. Characteristics of communicationw3) Communication is irreversibleCommunication is an irreversible process. We can never undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received, the message itself cannot be reversed.Characteristics of communicationw4) Communication is contextual.All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.6. Intercultural CommunicationwSamovar it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式 化) .United Nations Conferenceb. Interracial communicationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. c. Interethnic communicationEthnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like. d. Intracultural communicationIt is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture. Discussion: Discuss the following cases of communication and decide to what extent they are intercultural.Communication between wA Chinese and an American, wA Canadian and a South African, wA male and a female wA father and a son wA person from Beijing and one from Tibet, wA first-generation Chinese American and a third- generation one, wA student form Hong Kong and a teacher from Xian wA software technician and a farmer, etcw任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。SingerwSamovar & Porter: 西方人亚洲人 最大分歧 意大利人沙特阿拉伯人 美国人希腊人 美国人德国人 美国人操法语加拿大人 盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人 盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人 美国人英国人 美国人操英语加拿大人 美国城市居民美国乡村居民 天主教徒浸礼教徒 主张男性权力者主张男女平等者 异性恋者同性恋者 环境保护者房地产开发商 最小分歧wWhat we focus on in this course is communication between cultures beyond country boundaries. 7.Elements of Intercultural Communication wPerceptions (beliefs, values, attitudes, worldviews, social organizations) wVerbal processes (the ways in which cultures employ symbols to portray things and experiences) wNonverbal processes (share thoughts and feelingsby way of bodily behavior, time and space) wContextual element