The Adaptive Immune Response “Match me perfectly and Im neutralized”Kathy HuschleNorthland Community and Technical CollegeAdaptive Immune Responselin contrast to the innate immune response which we are basically born with, the adaptive immune response is an ever developing system it continues to mature throughout our lifeAdaptive Immune Response in most cases as each new microbial invader is encountered, our adaptive immune response initiates a specific attack against the invader generally this invader is remembered and that “memory” is readily available in the case of a second or subsequent attack from the same invaderAdaptive Immune Responselthis system is an extremely complex system to which we will attempt to gain a basic understandlimmunologists are continually discovering many facts about the adaptive immune responseAdaptive Immune Responselthe adaptive immune response is learned or acquired recognizes specific substances foreign to the body is essential for lifeAdaptive Immune Responselother terms used for the adaptive immune response include acquired immunity specific immunitylthough at one time thought to function exclusive of the innate immune system, research is now discovering a correlation between the two systemslregardless of a correlation or not, the failure of our immune system results in mortalityAdaptive Immune Responseladaptive immune response is characterized by specificity memory learned ability to recognize (acquired) pathogens which allows the body to usually only suffer once from that particular pathogenComponents of the Adaptive Immune Systemlantigenslantibodiesllymph systemllymphocytes B cells T cells NK cell (Natural Killer)AntigenAntibodyB cellT cell NK cellAntigenslthe term antigen derives from the two words antibody generatorlmost antigens are proteins or large polysaccharidesAntigensloften a component of invading microbes, such as the capsule, cell wall, flagella, toxin particular chemical that will activate the adaptive immune responseAntigens found in autologous tumorAntigenslinvading microbes can have many antigens on its surfacepathogenAntigenslwhen and antigen elicits an immune response it is often referred to as a immunogenlepitope is the reactive portion of the antigen that reacts chemically with an antibody to form the antigen- antibody complex or immune complexAntigensltwo essential properties of antigens include immunogenicitylthe ability to stimulate immune systemantigen-antibody complexAntigens specific reactivitylthe ability to react with effector molecules (antibody) to form an antigen-antibody complexAntigens in red with green bordersAntibodieslglycoproteins that are also referred to as immunoglobiulinslbasic structure is a Y shaped molecule with 2 functional parts Fab region Fc regionFab region Fc regionAntibodieslFab region this is the part of the antibody that binds to the antigenlFc region the stem of the antibody that functions as a “red flag”lnotifies the rest of the immune system: “here I am, come and help”Fab regionsThe The FabFab portion of portion of IgGIgG binds to binds to epitopesepitopes of a capsule. of a capsule. The The FcFc portion can now attach the capsule to portion can now attach the capsule to FcFc receptors receptors on phagocytes for enhanced attachment. Once attached to on phagocytes for enhanced attachment. Once attached to the phagocyte by way of the phagocyte by way of IgGIgG, the encapsulated bacterium , the encapsulated bacterium can be engulfed more efficiently and placed in a can be engulfed more efficiently and placed in a phagosomephagosomeAntibodieslprotection gained from the formation of antigen- antibody complexes basically comes down to the tagging of foreign cells and molecules for destruction by phagocytes and complementAntibodies shown in different stainsAntibodieslthe antibody molecule is not damaging to the antigenMelanoma antigensAntibodieslforeign organisms and toxins are rendered harmless by neutralization immobilization and prevention of adherence agglutination and precipitation opsonization complement activation antibody-dependent cellular cytosis (ADCC)Respiratory syncytial virus antigensAntibodieslneutralization blocks the adhesion of bacteria and viruses by bathing the surface of the cell with antibodylimmobilization and prevention of adherence antibodies binding to structures such as flagella and pili can interfere with mobility and attachmentAntibodieslagglutination and precipitation enhances phagocytosis by gathering antigens into clumpslopsonization coating an antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosisAntibodieslcomplement activation enhances cell destruction by cell lysislantibody-dependent cellular cytotxicity antibodies attach to target cells causing destruction by non- specific immune system cellsAntibodiesAntibodiesAntibodieslthere are 5 classes of immunoglobulins each class