细胞细胞组织组织器官器官系统系统个体个体种群种群群落群落生态系统生态系统生物圈生物圈生命系统生命系统的结构层次的结构层次生态学生态学研究研究生物和生物生物和生物, , 生物和无机环境生物和无机环境之之 间的关系。间的关系。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第四章 种群和群落Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.种群: 下列属于种群的是（ ）A一个湖泊中的全部鱼B一个池塘中的全部老鲫鱼C一个池塘中的全部鲫鱼D两个池塘中的全部鲫鱼C C一定的自然区域内，同种生物全部一定的自然区域内，同种生物全部 个体的总和。个体的总和。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.例:下列属于种群的是（ ） A.一个湖泊中的全部鱼 B.校园内的所有乔木 C.棉田中有幼蚜,有翅蚜和无翅成熟 蚜组成的全部棉蚜 D.一个池塘里所有的雄性鲤鱼Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.牧民在承包的草场上 该放养多少头羊，既能保 护草原，又能取得最好经 济效益？怎样控制害虫 数量，以防止虫灾 发生? 种群研究的核心问题：种群数量(种群内的个体数)的变化规律Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.第一节 种群的特征第四章 种群和群落Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1、种群密度（1）概念：（2）公式：（3）意义：单位面积或单位体积中某种群的个体数如：养鱼池中每立方米的水体中鲫鱼的数量每平方千米农田面积内田鼠的数量种群密度种群的个体数量面积或体积种群密度直接反映了种群在一定时期的数量Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 种群密度种群密度的调查方法：的调查方法：q分布范围小，个体较大的种群：q分布范围大，个体较小的种群：估算估算( (抽样调查抽样调查) ) 估算的方法：估算的方法：1 1）不运动或活动范围小的生物：）不运动或活动范围小的生物： 样方法样方法逐个计数逐个计数Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.调查种群密度的方法调查种群密度的方法样方法样方法估算种群密度最常用的方法之一。在被估算种群密度最常用的方法之一。在被 调查的种群的分布范围内，调查的种群的分布范围内，随机选取若干个随机选取若干个 样方，样方，通过计数每个样方内的个体数，求得通过计数每个样方内的个体数，求得 每个样方的种群密度，以所有样方种群密度每个样方的种群密度，以所有样方种群密度 的的平均值平均值作为该种群的种群密度。作为该种群的种群密度。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.确定调查对象 选取样方 计数调查种群密度的方法：调查种群密度的方法：根据所调查对象的大小和分布情况而定 （一般1m2 的正方形）样方法（1）操作步骤?（2）样方的大小（3）样方的数量 适当且足够Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 样方的多少会影响调查结果吗？ 样方多大适宜？ 取样的原则是什么？ 常用的取样方法有哪些？会，一般来说样方数越多，调查结果越准确草本植物样方的大小以1m2的正方形，灌木样方的大小以 10m2 ，乔木样方的大小以100m2随机取样五点取样法、等距取样法（4）样方的选取Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.五点取样法：调查群体为非长条形种群密度NN1+N2+N3+N4+N55Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.某同学在一草地调查蒲公英的种群密度，取了5个样方（样方面积为1m2），5个样方的种群数量分别为4、6、8、8、9株。那么该草地的蒲公英种群密度为多少?种群密度（46889）57株m2Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.计数原则：样方内无论大小都要数,若有正好长 在边界线上的，应“计上不计下,计左不计右” （记两条边和它们的夹角）蒲公英其他植物（5）计数方法Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.应用 某兴趣小组打算调查某草原某种双子叶草本植物的种 群密度。他们设计了如下调查步骤： 1、在该物种分布较密集的地方取5个样方。2、计数每个样方内该植物的个体数。若计数结果由多 到少依次为N1、N2、N3、N4、N5，将N3作为种群密度的 估计值。指出该小组活动设计中的错误并加以改正：Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.等距取样法:调查群体为长条形Evaluation on