定语从句定语从句201220121. 定义：在复合句中通常修饰名词，代词的从句 2. 先行词：通常是被修饰的名词或代词3. 引导词：关系代词who, whom , whose, which, that ,etc.关系副词：when ,where, why先行词的表现形式？（四种面具之一）：1. 一个词（名词或代词）He is a man who means what he says.先行词是名词短语 a manEven when homeless individuals manage to find a _ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.（2006完形填空）A. lodging B. shelter C. dwelling D. house 先行词（四种面具之二）：2. 一个短语Many lifes problems which were solved by askingfamily members, friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. (1995年阅读第三篇)先行词是：many lifes problems许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员，朋友或者同事就能解 决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。先行词（四种面具之二）：2. 一个短语In Europe, as else where, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. (2005年翻译）在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台 、 报社、杂志社和出版社整合到了一起。先行词（四种面具之三）：3. 一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004年 英译汉）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系 。 这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就已经 在 欧洲扎下了根。先行词（四种面具之四）：4. 一个完整的句子He arrived one hour later, which annoyed his girlfriend very much.先行词是He arrived one hour later他晚到了一个小时，这让他的女朋友很生气。He refused to accept the offer, which made the work more difficult.Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the _ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others. (2003完形填空) assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance青少年在不断调整，以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的 一 系列新的变化和挑战，因此他们非常敏感，并且需要有 自 信心，而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以及知道自己 的 成绩被别人羡慕。For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of _ that came from being a loyal employee. (1997年完形填空)A. excitement B. convictionC. enthusiasm D. importance对于雇员来说，这（雇佣临时工的趋势）意味着失去（以前长期工享有的）待遇和安全感，以及 作为一名忠实雇员所具有的那种责任感。关系代词作用？ （三位一体）1. 关系代词代替先行词（代词功能）Thank you for the book that you gave it to me (F).2. 关系代词引导定语从句（具有连词功能）There are thousands of islands in China, the largest of them is Taiwan (F)3. 关系代词在从句中做成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语等）（ 句法功能）The war and the sufferings which caused were still very clear in his memory (F).The manager，whose department Mr King worked，knew the secret later that evening (F)Charlie Chaplin, for whose life was once very difficult, later became world famous （F）.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms” (2000年阅读)满足定语从句句法功能，否则先行词悬空，意思表达也不完整。定语从句的作用（定语？） （一言难尽） 1. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly died 2. The woman spoke at the meeting . She was Mrs Jones. 3. 盗窃之人，只要他抓到，他都会开除。He will fire anyone he catches stealing. 4.他不记得他父亲， 因为在他五岁时就过世了。 He didnt remember his father, who died when he was five years old. 5. He insisted on buying a car，which he could not afford and had no use for 他坚持要买辆轿车，尽管他买不起，而且也 不需要。 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语区别在于与主句关系是否密切？（没那么简单）1.The sun which is very far from the earth gives us light and heat F太阳距离地球很远，却能给我们提供光和热 2. A computer is a machine that can store information and do calculations（F） 3. He wi11 wear no clothes which will make him different from his fellow men他不穿与众不同的奇装异服 4. He will wear no clothes，which will make him different from his fellow men，他将赤身裸体，这显得他与众不同指代所做成分是否可省略that人；物主、宾、表作宾 /表可省which物主语；宾语 作宾语可省who人主语；宾语作宾语可省whom人宾语可省whose人；物定语不可省关系代词的用法关系代词的用法指人的关系代词who whom whose1. 轮椅使那些本身无法自由行动的残疾人受益 匪浅。Armchairs greatly benefit the disabled who cant move feely on their own. 2. 玛丽是我昨天晚上认识的女孩。Mary is the girl （whom） we met last night. 3. 我有一个朋友，他弟弟是舞蹈家。Ive got a friend whose brother is a dancer. 指物的关系代词that, which ,whose1. 刚才还在桌子上的钥匙现在不见了。The keys that/which were on this table are missing now. 2. 他去失物招领处认领落在教室的书去了。He has gone to the lost and found to claim the book he left in the classroom. 3我昨天买了一本书，封面是红色的。I bought a book yesterday whose cover (the cover of which )is red4. 王老师上班的的那所大学的校长是美籍华人。The president ,in whose university Mr. Wang worked, is an American Chinese. 5. 人们说他具备了正直人应有的一切品质。He is said to be everything that an honest man should be. 特别提醒： 1. 定语从句的时态独立. 2. 当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语 动词必须与先行词的人称和数保持一致。He is one of the students who _ from the USA.He is the only one of the students who _from the USA.Despite much research, there are still certainAelements in the life cycle of the insect that is B Cn