EAST ASIAS CHANGING URBAN LANDSCAPEMeasuring a Decade of Spatial GrowthvContentsAcknowledgments xiiiForeword xvAbbreviations xviiExecutive Summary xix1. Introduction 1 Why Urban Expansion Matters 1 A New Approach to Measuring Urban Expansion 5 Notes 7 References 82. Key Findings: Urban Expansion in East Asia, 200010 11 Rapid Urban Expansion and Population Growth 11 Density: High and Increasing, on Average 26 Increasing Metropolitan Fragmentation 32 Notes 37 References 393. Recommendations: What Policy Makers Can Do to Facilitate Efficient, Sustainable, and Inclusive Urban Growth 41 Preparing for Future Spatial Expansion 43 Ensuring That Urbanization Is Economically Efficient 45 Ensuring That Urbanization Is Inclusive 48viEast Asias Changing Urban LandscapeEnsuring That Urbanization Is Sustainable 51 Overcoming Metropolitan Fragmentation 56 Conclusions and Areas for Further Research 59 Notes 60 References 61Appendix A Urban Expansion in East Asia, 200010, by Country 65 Cambodia 65 China 67 Indonesia 81 Japan 88 The Republic of Korea 93 Lao People s Democratic Republic 97 Malaysia 99 Mongolia 104 Myanmar 106 The Philippines 109 Thailand 113 Vietnam 117 Notes 123 References 124Appendix B Urban Expansion in East Asia, Excluding China, 200010 127 Trends by Country Income Group 127 Trends by Urban Area 128 Trends by Size Categories 128 Density 130 Metropolitan Fragmentation 131Appendix C Methodologies and Accessing the Data 133 Methodologies 133 Accessing the Data 141 Notes 142 References 143Appendix D Changes in Urban Land, Population, and Density by Country 145Appendix E Changes in Urban Land, Population, and Density in Urban Areas with More Than 1 Million People 149ContentsviiBoxes 1.1 Defining “urban” 5 2.1 Comparing urbanization in East Asia to that in the rest of the world 17 2.2 Projecting future urban expansion 26 2.3 The urban population density metric 27 2.4 A typology of urban areas based on administrative fragmentation 34 3.1 Innovative land tools for urban expansion 46 3.2 Creating and sharing higher land value in transit development 54 3.3 Some models of metropolitan governance 58 A.1 A snapshot of urbanization in progress 68 A.2 Ghost cities in China 71Figures 1.1 Changes in proportion of urban population (urbanization rate) and GDP per capita, 200010 3 2.1 Proportion of total urban land in East Asia by country, 2000 and 2010 12 2.2 Annual rate of urban spatial expansion by country, 200010 13 2.3 Proportion of total urban population in East Asia by country, 2000 and 2010 15 2.4 Rate of urban population growth by country, 200010 15 2.5 Proportion of urban land by income group, 2000 and 2010 18 2.6 Changes in proportion of urban population (urbanization rate) and GDP per capita, 200010 19 2.7 Rate of urban population growth by income group, 200010 19 2.8 Rate of urban spatial expansion by income group, 200010 19 2.9 East Asia: The 25 largest urban areas by land area, 2000 and 2010 22 2.10 The 25 largest urban areas by population and land area, 2010 23 2.11 Urban land by population size category, 2000 and 2010 25 2.12 Urban population by population size category 25 2.13 Urban population density by population size category, 2000 and 2010 29 2.14 Rates of population growth and spatial expansion in urban areas with more than 1 million people, 200010 29 2.15 Urban population density by country, 2000 and 2010 29 2.16 Urban spatial expansion per additional urban inhabitant, 200010 30 2.17 Urban population density by income group, 2000 and 2010 32 B2.5.1 Contained urban areas 34 B2.5.2 Spillover urban areas 35 B2.5.3 Fragmented urban areas 36viiiEast Asias Changing Urban Landscape2.18 Fragmentation by size category 37 A.1 China: The 25 largest urban areas by built-up area, 2000 and 2010 69 A.2 China: The 25 largest urban areas by population, 2000 and 2010 69 A.3 China: Urban land by population size category, 2000 and 2010 70 A.4 China: Urban population by population size category, 2000 and 2010 70 A.5 China: Urban population density by population size category, 2000 and 2010 70 BA2.1 Ganyu in 2005 71 BA2.2 Ganyu in 2012 71 BA2.3 Guandu in 2002 72 BA2.4 Guandu in 2013 72 BA2.5 Guandu in 2013 (zoomed in) 73 BA2.6 Mianyang in 2012 73 A.6 China: Provinces by urban land, 2000 and 2010 74 A.7 China: Regions by urban land, 2000 and 2010 75 A.8 China: Regions by urban population, 2000 and 2010 75 A.9 Change in population and built-up land in China s five economic regions, 200010, compared with the population and area of Manhattan 80 A.10 Indonesia: The 25 largest urban areas by built-up area, 2000 and 2010 82 A.11 Indonesia: Urban land by population size category, 2000 and 2010 83 A.12 Indonesia: Urban population by population size category, 2000 and 2010 83 A.13 Indonesia: The 10 most urban provinces by land, 2000 and 2010 83 A.14 Indonesia: Urban area by island group, 2000 and 2010 84 A.15 Jakarta, Indonesia, urba