Chapter 7 Government and Administration1. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. 2. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majestys Government. 3. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. 4.It is made up of statute law成文法, common law and conventions. 5. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.IThe Monarchy 君主制 1. The title of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom:“Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，大布列颠及北 爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英 联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。” 2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. a. In law, she is head of the executive, b. an integral part of the legislature, c. head of the judiciary, d. the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces e. the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. f. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament. 3.The monarch actually has no real power. The monarchs power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.IIParliament 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主， 上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws； (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government； (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure； (4) to debate the major issues of the day.3.The House of Lords a. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. a. the Lords Spiritual:上议院神职议员 b. the lords spiritual in Britain c. the Lords Temporal:世俗贵族 d. the second estate of the realm: the nobility e. (especially British nobility) of the rank of duke or f. marquees or earl or viscount or baron b. The main function of the House of Lords: to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. c. The non-elected House: to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House4.The House of Commonelected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.5. Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labor Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.III.The Cabinet and Ministry 1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions； individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.IVThe Privy Council 枢密院 1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the Kings Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees. 枢密院原来是政府行政权力的源泉，给君主提供“私人”建议。它在历史上也称为国王议会。今天它的主要作用是礼 节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令。 2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement.VGovernment Department and the Civil Service 政府各部和行政部门 1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense主要的政府部门：财务部，内务部，外交部，国防部等。 2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants i