Mongoli a Development Impacts of Solar-Powered Electri ci ty Servi ces iiiiiiContentsAcknowledgments .vAcronyms and Abbreviations .viiExecutive Summary .ix1. Introduction .1Country and Sector Background .1 Project Background .2 Survey and Impact Study Background .32. The Beneficiary Surveys .5Survey 1: Sample Survey .5 Survey 2: In-depth Interviews .63. Survey Findings .9Use and Sustainability of SHSs .9 SHS Ownership and Capacity .9 Maintenance and Servicing of SHSs .10 Overall Consumer Satisfaction and SHS Sustainability .11 Immediate Impacts of Changing Energy Patterns .13 Lighting .13 Access to Information .13 Communications .15 Time Allocation after Dark .15 Impacts on Quality of Life and Development .16 Productivity and Income .17 Household Expenses and Spending Patterns .17 Communication and Social Interaction .18 Healthcare and Emergency Care .18 Health Education and Preventive Care .20 Vulnerability and Sense of Security .20 Gender Impact of Solar Home Systems .20 Changes in Attitude and Cultural Preservation .21AnnexesA. Salient Demographic Features of the Sample Survey Population .23 B. Gender Aspects in Mongolia .27References .29ivContentsMaps1.1 Mongolia .