高中化学必修2 有机部分复习第一节 甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、苯Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.有有 机机 物物一、什么叫有机物？ 1、定义：2、组成元素 ：一般含有碳元素的化合物为有机物 。碳、氢、氧、氮、硫、磷、卤素等（ 但碳的氧化物（CO、CO2）、碳酸及其盐 、碳的金属化合物（Ca2C）等看作无机物。 ）主要元素其他元素Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 烃，读音ting，碳的声母和氢的韵母的组合。 碳氢烃Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、甲烷的分子结构1、甲烷分子的电子式和结构式 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、甲烷分子的立体结构：以碳原子为中心， 四个氢原子为顶 点的正四面体。键角：109度28分球棍模型比例模型正四面体Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.物理性质无色、无味的气体；极难溶于水；俗名：沼气、坑气，是天然气的主要成分（8097%）4、甲烷的性质Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.四、甲烷的化学性质1、稳定性：甲烷与酸性高锰酸钾溶液等 强氧化剂不反应。通常情况下，甲烷比较稳定， 与强酸、强碱、强氧化剂（三强）不发 生化学反应。不褪色Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.探究实验2.氧化反应： 气体的检验有机反应不用有机反应不用 “ “=” ”，而用，而用 “”“”强调：甲烷与空气或氧气的强调：甲烷与空气或氧气的 混合气体点燃时，发生爆炸。混合气体点燃时，发生爆炸。 因此，在点燃甲烷气体时，因此，在点燃甲烷气体时， 必须先进行纯度检验。必须先进行纯度检验。现象：Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、取代反应量筒内Cl2的黄绿色逐渐消失 量筒内壁出现油状液滴 量筒内水面上升注意：装置要放在光亮的地方.实验现象：Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.H C H HH+ Cl Cl光照H C Cl HH+ HCl一氯甲烷（气）Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.H C H HCl+ Cl Cl光照H C Cl HCl+ HCl二氯甲烷（液）Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Cl C H HCl+ Cl Cl光照Cl C Cl HCl+ HCl三氯甲烷（液） 氯仿（有机溶剂）Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Cl C H ClCl+ Cl Cl光照Cl C Cl ClCl+ HCl四氯甲烷 （液） 有机溶剂、灭火剂*甲烷烷与氯氯气的反应应，共得到五种产产物，其中 一氯氯甲烷烷和氯氯化氢为氢为 气态态，其余为为液态态。氯氯化 氢氢易溶于水，其余难难溶于水。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所代替的反应 取代反应 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.结构简式：例： H H H H H| | | | | HC C CCCH| | | | | H HCH H H H| HCH3CHCH2CH2CH3| CH3省略CH键 把同一C上的H合并省略横线上CC键 或者CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH3| CH3Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.常见烷烃对应的结构简式：乙烷： H H 丙烷： H H H| | | | |HCCH HCCCH | | | | | H H H H H丁烷： H H H H 异丁烷：