北京理工大学计算机科学技术学院2007模块4 计算机操作系统Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2本模块学习内容l计算机系统的组成l操作系统的形成与发展l主流操作系统l文件路径l用户界面Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3计算机系统的组成计算机系统的组成：硬件资源、软件资源。 计算机系统可划分为四个层次：硬件、操作系统、实用程序和应用程序，如图4.1所示。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4实用程序：各种语言编译程序、文本编辑程序、调试程序、连接装配程序。 应用程序应用程序 实用程序操作系统硬件图4.1 计算机系统的组成Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.5l单向调用关系这四层的关系表现为一种单向调用关系，即外层的软件必须以事先约定的方式调用内层软件或硬件提供的服务。通常把这种约定称为界面或接口(interface)。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.6操作系统的定义l是裸机上的第一层软件。由一系列的程序 模块组成。裸机：一台完全无软件的计算机系统 。通过执行机器指令来实现计算和I/O功能 的，很难使用。l是为了建立用户与计算机之间的接口而为 裸机配置的一种系统软件(用户的角度) 。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.7l是一种资源管理程序(计算机系统设计者的 角度)。它依据一定的策略对计算机的软硬资源进行分配、管理和调度，合理地组织计算机的工作流程，从而提高系统资源的利用效率。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.8操作系统设计目标早期操作系统的设计目标l方便性：向用户提供方便、简单的使用计算机的环境。l有效性：就是使计算机系统能高效地工作，提高系统资源的利用率。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.9操作系统的形成与发展l顺序处理(手工操作阶段)l简单的批处理系统l多道批处理系统l分时系统l实时系统Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.10手工操作阶段l计算机没有配置OS由程序员直接使用计算机硬件系统，将程序和数据送入计算机内存。按动启动按钮，计算机开始计算。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.11手工操作阶段存在的问题l人工负责计算机的调度用户使用计算机时，首先向机房负责 人说明，由机房负责人为他安排上机时间 ，并预先登记在一张纸上。其中包括各用 户几点上机、大约使用计算机多长时间等 。l人工负责作业编排顺序用户自己安排上机所需的各种程序、 数据以及上机的步骤。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.12手工操作阶段存在的缺点l一个用户独占全机资源lCPU等待人工操作，浪费大量的人力和机器的时间，系统利用率很低。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.13简单的批处理系统(BATCH PROCESS SYSTEM)使用一个监控程序软件l用户：不再直接与计算机打交道，而是将自己的作业(卡片叠或纸带)交给机房的操作员。l操作员：将多个作业按序成批地放在一个输入设备上。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.14监控程序自动启动输入设备将一个个作业读入到磁带上，再将一个个作业顺序装入内存，并控制作业的运行处理。从而实现了各作业之间的自动转接，提高了系统效率。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.15图4.2 输入作业的结构Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.16简单批处理的二种控制方式l早期的联机批处理l早期的脱机批处理Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.17早期的联机批处理作业的输入、计算和输出是在CPU直接控制下进行的。缺点：主机的速度在输入/输出过程中，降低为慢速外设的水平。大大降低了CPU的利用效率。为此，引入早期的脱机批处理方式。Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Created wi