一、学习目标 1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能 及用法； 2. 进一步熟练过去时态（一般过去时、过 去进行时）。二、学习重点难点 1.直接引语（Direct Speech）是指原封不动的引用原话 ，把它放在引号内，例如： Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.” They said, “We want to have a rest.” 间接引语（Reported Speech，又叫Indirect Speech） 即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面 两个例句变成间接引语应该是： Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends. They said they wanted to have a rest.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时，由 于引述动词（said，told等）一般都是过去 时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人 称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等 一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况 ：Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 1） 现在时间推移到过去时间 所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去 时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完 成时。例如： She said, “I am hungry.” She said (that) she was hungry. He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.” He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves. Tom said, “I have found whats wrong with the computer.” Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer. 在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动 词时态却不必改变，即： a） 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格 言等内容时： He said, “The word laser is an acronym（首字母缩略词） .” He said the word laser is an acronym. b） 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时： “Im forty,” he said. He said he is forty. c） 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时： He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go. He said, “You mustnt smoke in the room.” He said I mustnt smoke in the room.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 2）过去时间推移到过去的过去 这里需要注意以下几点： a）当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去 时要变成过去完成体。例如： He said, “I didnt know you.” He said he hadnt known me. 当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词 汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实 本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如： Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” Ann said she was born in 1981.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech b）过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以 不变。例如： Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” Robert said he had been joking with Mary. Robert said he was joking with Mary. c）过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如 ： He said, “We hadnt returned to the store when she came.” He said they hadnt returned to the store when she came.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech d）时间状语分句中的一般过去式 或者过去进行时可以不变。例如： John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.” John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane. John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 3） 将来时间推移到过去将来时间 最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过 去时形式。例如： He said, “Were spending next weekend at home.” He said they were spending the next weekend at home. She said, “The milk will go off（变质）if you dont drink it today.” She said the milk would go off if I didnt drink it that day. They said, “Were going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者 状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可 以不推移到过去将来时间。例如： He said, “Ill be waiting for you tomorrow.” He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech 4）人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变 化 由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引 语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、 时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。 a）人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二 人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称 ；限定词也作相应的变化。例如： He said, “We love our country.” He said they love their county.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech b）指示代词this，these分别变成that/it， those/they或them；指示限定词this，those通常 变为that，those或the。例如： “This house is very expensive,” she said. She said that house was very expensive. The children came back with two wallets and said, “We picked these up on the pavement.” The children came back with two wallets and said they had picked them up on the pavement.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech c）时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况： i） 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如： He said, “It was completes a year ago.” He said it had been completed a year before. ii） 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如 ： She said, “ We left Paris at 8 a.m.” She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m. She said they left Paris at 8 a.m.Direct Speech VS Indirect Speech iii） 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果 引述时间和说话时间（如同一年、同一月、同一 天等），时间状语可不变。例如： Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.” Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. （同一月引述） Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. （可在同一月引述 ，也可不在同一月引述）时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则 直接引语 间接引语 today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. yesterday the day before tomorrow the next day, the following day (the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days time next week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc. last week/month the week/month before now thenDirect Speech VS Indirect Speech d）地点状语here通常变为there；但若说话人所 在地也就是