Unit 2 Working the land 1.Find the word or phrase from the text for each of these meaning. _ brown (skin) from spending too much time in the sun. _ to make something or somebody free of _ to become larger in size, number or amount _ to make information and ideas known to many people _ would prefer to _ to try extremely hard to achieve somethingsunburntrid of expandcirculateWould rather struggle _ to send things to foreign countries for sale _ pleased by having what one wants or needs _ to provide with things necessary for a certain purpose _ plants grown in large amounts by farmers _ because of exportSatisfied withequipcropThanks toAnswer key for Ex 2:1.information: statistics; world: globe 2.Strong: super; races: nationalities 3.Not having enough food: hunger; sickness: disease 4.A small Southeast Asian country: Vietnamjobs: occupations 5.Open conditions : freedomsold and sent abroad: exportedKeys to Ex 3.Decade, struggle, expanding, Equipped, output, grain, crops, battles, disturbingUseful structure ( 30m )The ing form as the Subject Object1作主语动名词作主语时，句子有两种形式：动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。 1) 捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的. Playing tricks on others is something we should never do 2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。 Learning new words is very important for me 3)说比做容易。 Talking is easier than doing.用形式主语it，把真正的主语动名词结构移置句 尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是 某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless，good， fun；no use，worth等。如：和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。 It is useless trying to argue with Shylock 这事值得去做。 Its worth making the effort 想再解释一次有好处吗? Is it any good trying to explain?跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。 It is pleasant working with you在there be结构中作主语，这种结构的意思 相当于“It is impossible to do ”。例如：若要人不知，除非己莫为。 There is no hiding of evil but not to do it这种事开不得玩笑。Here is no joking about such matter.无法知道他什么时候离开There was no knowing when he would leave. 动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作，不 定式则通常表示具体的动作。如： 还是个孩子的时侯，她就觉得探视病人是一种 责任，也是一种愉悦。 As a child，she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经 历。 Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me. 一直不做就是作恶。Doing nothing is doing ill 他说：“继续这样下去是无用的。”He said，“To go on like this is no use” 我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。Its an honor for me to be invited to the party归纳：常用-ing形式作主语的句型有： It +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的 It is/was no good/use doing 做是没用处的 It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得 It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的 There is no doing 无法;不允许There is no sense in doing 做没有道理 There is/was no use doing 干无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比更糟的 There is/was no point doing 干无意义我们不知道要去哪儿。 There was no knowing where we would go. 做这件傻事毫无意义。 There is no point doing such a silly thing. 注意：There is no need to do sth 干没 必要，在此句式中to do 不可换为doing. 没有必要告诉她。 There is no need to tell her. 提示：当动名词用作主语时，其逻辑主语由 形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。 我姐姐病了，使我很担心。 My sisters being ill made we worried. 你正确未必就意味着我错了。 Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong. 2、用作宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后 接动名词作宾语；二是有些动词既可后接动名 词也可后接不定式作宾语。 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid ，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest， dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine ，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand等。如 ： 我不能不去。 I cant avoid going 你是否考虑过找一位挚友? Have you considered looking for one special friend? 我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。 We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake 晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。People couldnt help laughing foolish man 这类动词还有：excuse，fancy，give up， put off，risk等。既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常 见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love， prefer，by，mean，forget，remember，hate等 。A在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用- ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点 有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表 示具体的一次性动作。B在begin/start，continue之后，用动名词和不 定式，意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人的时 候。 C在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动 名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于 谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如： 我记得我已把信寄了。I remember posting the letter 我会记着去寄信的。Ill remember to post the letter 我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。 I shall never forget seeing the famous writer 不要忘了给你母亲写信。 Dont forget to write to your mother 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。I regret missing the report 我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。 I regret to say I cant take your adviceD在try，mean之后，意义各不相同，如try to do (设法)，try doing (试试)，mean to do (打算 ，有意要做)，mean doing (意思是，意味着)。 如： 我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。 We must try to get everything done in time我们用别的方法做这工作试试。Lets try doing the working in some other way我并不想叫你生气。 I didnt mean to make you angry 你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。 Your plan would mean spending hoursE.go on doing 和go on to do Go on doing继续做一直在做的事；go on to do接着 做另一件事。如： 请接着做这同一个练习。 Please go on doing the same exercise 请做另外一个练习。 Please go on to do the other exercise Fstop doing与stop to do: Stop doing停止做，stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如： 我们停止了交谈。 We stopped talking 我们停了下来去谈话。We stopped to talk3作介词宾语 动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A介词+动名词，如： 我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。 Weve got to think of ways of changing peoples habits. 我向你道歉，刚才对你那样生气。 I apologize for being so angry with you. 离开