写作辅导Part Three 组段与谋篇写作中的段落1. 段落的组成通常情况下，一个段落由三部分组成：1) 主题句（Topic Sentence）:点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。2) 扩展句（Developing Sentence）:说明和支持主题 。3) 结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。2. 主题句 每个段落只能有一个主题，即是只能有一个主题句。 主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为 扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看 下面段落：（主题句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(扩展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(扩展句 2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(扩展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (结尾句 )Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.My mother has told certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.Perhaps more than any other people Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car has been a common thing since early 20th century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved outside of the large cities to the suburbs. Some Americans spend two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and home again. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans. Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a students success in almost all university courses. 2.1 写好主题句的宏观方法：1) 主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将 难以说明和支持它，例如：空泛：English language is very important.概括：English language is very important in ourdaily life. 空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely. 2) 尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子：简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby. 复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind verymuch. 复杂：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much. 3) 主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思 想完整：不完整：How to write a composition. 完整：How to write a composition is not an easything to talk about.不完整：If the weather was fine. 完整：If the weather was fine, we would have had agood time. 4) 写好主题句中的关键词关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的 内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展，例如 ：There are several ways to boil the water.The task can be finished in three steps.There is a new method to reduce the cost. 3. 拓展句扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之 间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。 一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含 了36个扩展句。 Nowadays, the computer has found wide applications in many areas. It is used not only in calculations, but also engineering project, designing, language learning, etc. In todays society, computers can be seen working for us almost everywhere, in shops, banks, post offices, schools, hospitals and so on. Computers have even entered most families. Children can learn various subjects on computers, and parents can enjoy some entertainment from the computers, too.一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来 组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一 系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进 关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步 关系，对照比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由 一系列的过渡词来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落 与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔 接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，故极为重要。构成时间关系的过渡词有：first, in the first place, since then, thereafter, there fore, lately, later, meanwhile, at last等 。构成空间关系的过渡词有：before, behind, below, between, beyond, farther, in front of , near to, next to, over, under, up, close to等。 3.1 写好拓展句的注意事项1）避免写出与主题不相关的句子。There are several ways to improve our English writing skills and keeping a diary in English is surely one of them. Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. My mother advised me to write diary when I was very young. It can help us cultivate the habit of thinking in English. If we can keep this practice, we will gradually learn how to express ourselves in English. 2） 混合使用简单句、并列句、复合句和短语等。如果段落中都是一种结构的句子，虽然都能支持主 题句，但内容仍读起来单调。句式有变化，文章读起来才 有活力，令人回味。There are also many quite, private things that I enjoy doing. (主从复合句)I would spend a whole day reading a book, and I sometime stay up late at night reading a good novel.(并列句)When I am tired of physical activities, I may find a good movies or a light TV program very entertaining.(主从复合句) In short, I like to do many different kinds of things, depending on the mood I am in and the kind of people I am in and the kind of people I am around.(简单句，分词短语作状语) 3) 定义法当段落的主题阐述“是什么”（What is）时，便可用定义法。定义法用一段话来解释说明某事物的性质和特征等，定义的 对象可以是一个抽象的概念或具