2018 DIGESTSCIENCE Professor of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health; and Director, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann ArborG. Peter Lepage, Goldwin Smith Professor of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New YorkW. Carl Lineberger, E. U. Condon Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Fellow of JILA, University of Colorado, BoulderStephen Mayo, Bren Professor of Biology and Chemistry, William K. Bowes Jr. Leadership Chair, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, PasadenaVictor R. McCrary, Vice President for Research and Economic Development, Morgan State University, BaltimoreEmilio F. Moran, John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor, Michigan State University, East LansingEllen Ochoa, Director, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TexasSethuraman “Panch” Panchanathan, Executive Vice President, Knowledge Enterprise Development, and Director of Cognitive Ubiquitous Computing (CUbiC), Arizona State University, TempeG. P. “Bud” Peterson, President, Georgia Institute of Technology, AtlantaJulia M. Phillips, Executive Emeritus, Sandia National LaboratoriesGeraldine Richmond, Presidential Chair in Science and Professor of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene; 2015 President, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DCAnneila I. Sargent, Ira S. Bowen Professor of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, PasadenaFrance A. Crdova, Member ex officio, Director, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VirginiaJohn J. Veysey, II, Executive Officer, National Science Board and Board Office Director, Alexandria, Virginia2018 DIGESTSCIENCE it neither offers policy options nor makes policy recommendations. The indicators included in the report contribute to the understanding of the U.S. S computer and electronic products manufacturing; transportation equipment manufacturing; and information and professional, scientific, and technical services. These industries account for the clear majority (83%) of business R inventors in Japan and the EU received most of the rest. However, a growing number of inventors in South Korea have received U.S. patents, while U.S. patents granted to inventors in China and India remain modest despite growing rapidly from small bases (figure A). U.S. knowledge- and technology-intensive industries receive most USPTO patents granted to U.S. industries. U.S. high-technology manufacturing industries received slightly more than 60% of the 61,000 U.S. patents granted to manufacturing industries in 2015; medium- high-technology manufacturing industries accounted for almost a quarter. Commercial knowledge-intensive services received 87% of the 30,000 patents granted to nonmanufacturing industries in 2015. Although patenting by academic inventors is increasing, it is still relatively limited with only about 6,600 U.S. patents granted in 2016. Five technology areas receive over one-half of the U.S. patents granted to U.S. academic institutionspharmaceuticals (15%), biotechnology (14%), medical technology (11%), organic chemistry (7%), and measurement (7%) (figure B). KNOWLEDGE TRANSFERKnowledge transfer is the process by which technology or knowledge developed in one place or for one purpose is applied elsewhere for a similar or different purpose. This transfer can take place freely, through knowledge sharing, as well as through exchange, for example by licensing or consulting. Citations from patents to S another 20% were conferred in the EU (10%) and the United States (10%). The number of S PISA = Program for International Student Assessment. Indicators 2018: Mathematics and Science Performance in Grades 4, 8, and 12, Chapter 1.Score0100200300400500600 OECDUnited States201520122006201520122006ScienceMathematicsACEBDFAssociates degree awards in S any education level)201520102005200019951990S any education level)U.S. underrepresented minorities and other racial and ethnic groups in S computer and mathematical scientists; physical scientists; social scientists; and engineers. S&E managers and technicians and health-related occupations are categorized as S&E-related and are not included in S&E.S&T. Science and technology. STEM. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.Technology transfer. The process by which technology or knowledge developed in one place or for one purpose is applied and exploited in another place for some other purpose. In the federal setting, technology transfer is the process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal R&D funding are used to fulfill public and private needs.Science and Engineering Indicators 2018 Digest20EXPLORE FURTHERTo read more about the themes presented in this digest, please see the Overview chapter as well as the more detailed analysis and fuller discussion of the related topics presented in Science and Engi