1专题专题 1111 动词的语态动词的语态解读考点解读考点动词的语态动词的语态 和时态一样，语态也是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行，就可使用主动语态，如果主语不是由主语执行，主语是动作的承受者，则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者，什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词“构成，一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致，注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。直击考点直击考点语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 被动语态 1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词 2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词 因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如 look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at 等，也可用于被动语态。 The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】 短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。 3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况 若宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to“。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch 等。例如： The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 4) 主动形式表示被动意义 如 wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如： The food tastes good.【名师点睛】一、重点1 .被动语态的构成：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词。助动词 be 有人称、数和时态的变化。(1)一般现在时的被动语态：2am(is ,are) + 动词过去分词Rice is grown in China .中国出产大米。(2)一般过去时的被动语态：was(were) + 动词过去分词These photos were taken last year .这些照片是去年照的。(3)含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + 动词过去分词This car can be mended in an hour .这辆小汽车一小时就能修好。2 .主动语态变被动语态的方法：(1)把主动语态的宾语提前变为被动语态的主语。(2)把主动语态的谓语动词变为被动结构。但时态应保持一致，但人称和数的形式取决于被动语态的主语。(3)把主动结构的主语变为介词 by 的宾语，组成介词短语，有时可以省略。二、难点(1)被动语态的用法(即何时用被动语态)。(2)主动语态变被动语态的方法(怎样变)。三、考点(1)一般现在时的被动语态。(2)一般过去时的被动语态。(3)含有情态动词的被动语态。(4)将主动语态的句子变为被动语态。有关动词的语态在历年各地中考题中约占 3 分左右。四主动语态改成被动语态方法 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；2. 谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词“，并通过 be 的变化来表达出 不同的时态；3 主动语态的主语变为介词 by 的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时 by 的短语可以省略）；例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week .五、被动语态的用法：31. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Many more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are tw o books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.六、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省 略 to 的动词不定式，主动语态中不带 to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do so methingsomebody +be +seen to do something The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The li ttle boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 4We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.2 2 年中考年中考20142014 年题组年题组 1【2014 年福建省莆田市中考】 - - Do you know if Tom_ to Lilys birthday party last Sunday?- Sorry, Ive no idea.A. is invited B. was invited C. invited【答案】B 【解析】试题分析：句意：-你知道上个星期天汤姆是否被邀请参加莉莉的生日聚会了吗?-对不起，我不知道。这里 Tom 与 invite 之间是被动关系，故排除 C;根据时间状语 last Sunday 可知从句的谓语动词应该用一般过去时。故选 B。考点：考查动词时态及语态。2. 【2014 年湖北省恩施州中考】Nobody knows when the stone bridge _ , because there is no record about it.A. has built B. was built C. built【答案】B 考点：考查动词时态及语态。3. 【2014 年江苏省淮安市中考】Last March, many trees _ along the streets to make our city more beautiful.A. were planted B. were plantingC. had plantedD. planted【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：上个月三月份，为了使我们的城市变得更加漂亮，沿街种植了很多树。根据时间状语last March 可知这里应该用一般过去时，故排除 B、C；句子的主语 trees 与 plant 之间是被动语态，故5选 A。考点：考查动词时态及语态。 4【2014 年江苏省徐州市中考】The Second Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing on the sixteenth of August, 2014. A. will hold B. will be held C. was held D. is holding【答案】B【解析】试题分析：句意：第二届青年奥运会将在 2014 年 8 月 16 日在南京举行。根据时间状语 on the sixteenth of August, 2014 表示未来的时间，所以句子应该用一般将来时，故排除 C、D；句子的主语 The Second Youth Olympic Games 与 hold 之间是被动关系。故排除 A；故选 B。考点：考查动词时态及语态。5. 【2014 年江苏省盐城市中考】Shenzhou X, Chinas fifth manned spacecraft, _into space on June 11. 2013.A. has sent B. was sent C. will send D. is sent【答案】B 考点：考查动词时态及被动语态。 20152015 年题组年题组 1. 【2015 年广东省初中毕业生学业考试英语试题】- Have you heard of the song Little Apple? - Yes. It _ every morning when aged people do square dancing downstairs. A.is played B.plays C.was played D.played 【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：-你听说过小苹果这首歌吗？-是的，每天上午当上了年纪的人在楼下跳广场舞时都播放它。It（这里指小苹果这首歌曲）和动词 play 之间是动宾关系，所以用被动结构。根据 every morning 可知用一般现在时，故选 A。【考点定位】考查动词的被动语态。2【广州市2015年初中毕业生学业考试英语试题】Many houses _ by the earthquake and 6thousands of people were left homeless. A. damaged B. were damag